Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) guidelines advise against repeat testing within 7 days. This retrospective study identified factors associated with 7-day repeat testing. Attending physicians (aOR = 0.67) and advanced practice practitioners (aOR = 0.61) ordered fewer repeat tests compared to residents. Further research is necessary to address inappropriate repeat testing.

This article explores the role of the Vatican and Catholic aid agencies in resettling European displaced victims of war in the aftermath of the Second World War, contributing to the field of refugee history and humanitarian studies. Focusing on the entanglements between Catholic humanitarians and UN agencies such as UNRRA and IRO, it shows how controlling mobility and managing population movements became a central part of the Vatican’s agenda and paved the way to greater involvement of the Catholic Church in the post-war reconstruction. In doing so, the essay intersects primary sources (predominantly from the Vatican and US Catholic archives) and different historiographical debates, with the aim of nuancing our understanding of post-war ‘refugeedom’ and the emergence of the ‘Cold War West’.

Co-decision-making is the middle of the three new tiers of support for those whose capacity is in question or lacking under the Assisted Decision-Making (Capacity) Act 2015. In co-decision-making, decision-making authority is shared jointly between the person and their chosen co-decision-maker. Co-decision-making is a new and challenging concept and the capacity test to be applied by healthcare professional assessors is complex. I suggest that thinking about the minimum requirements for joint decision-making and about the idea of ‘partial capacity’ are helpful in determining where co-decision-making fits on a capacity spectrum. Whatever the difficulties, co-decision-making is a core support arrangement in the new law, and there is a responsibility on all seeking to support a relevant person to work to ensure it is a viable and useful option.

Apprenticeship was important from the late sixteenth century for training and maintaining the English workforce. Masters and mistresses were committed by the apprenticeship indenture to provide food, clothing, shelter and training. Reference was rarely made, however, to what happened should the apprentice fall ill. Much the same was true of contracts between an employer and the young person who was hired to live and work in their household. Both sides of the agreement accepted that responsibility for sickness was part of the employer’s or master’s wider obligations. For some household heads, this was an unwelcome undertaking and from the early eighteenth century it became more common for them to opt out of this role. The fall in the age of these young workers during the eighteenth century and the relaxation of the rules of apprenticeship seem to have encouraged this development. Severe outbreaks of smallpox occurring throughout the country, particularly until the 1770s, highlighted the wider problem of sickness. An examination of the experiences of individual children who fell ill in this period provides insight into the lives of young workers when at their most vulnerable and dependent.

Sexual slavery has been an ongoing human rights issue within South Korea since World War II, yet discourse has almost exclusively centred on World War II sex slaves. Redress efforts typically focus on these survivors, their bodies symbolising the Korean nation, with post-World War II Korean sex slaves generally seen as ‘willing’ prostitutes. Nevertheless, the bodies, experiences and victimhood of all survivors remain contested. This paper discusses the connection between the ‘ideal’ victims, the World War II Korean sex slaves, and an example of ‘non-ideal’ victims, the gijichon women of the 1970s. Drawing upon recent judgments, Korean law and society, it analyses the impact of an ‘ideal’ victim construct upon survivors’ pursuit of redress in the Korean courts. In this paper I argue that, despite some success within domestic courts, the ‘ideal’ victim construct can explain why all survivors remain marginalised and have yet to receive full truth and justice.

Drawing on the dynamic and historically layered relationships among Africa, China, and the West, a “triangular system” serves as an analytical framework for understanding the evolution of studies of African literature in China. Tracing a four-stage periodization reveals how Western epistemologies have shaped Chinese interpretations of African literature. At the same time, it also illuminates China’s efforts to assert intellectual autonomy. A fluid, geometry-based triangulation model that accommodates multiplicity, foregrounds African agency, and fosters direct Afro-Chinese literary engagement is essential for meaningful South-South collaboration in literary studies, which must resist epistemic dependency and nationalist instrumentalization, and instead emphasize mutual learning and structural transformation.