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Semantic extensibility captures the semantic side of productivity. It is the likelihood that a given sense of a linguistic expression will support extension to new senses. Even though linguistic expressions are naturally polysemous, semantic extensibility is constrained. In previous literature, it has been argued that semantic extensions are motivated by mostly one-directional conceptual operations such as metaphor and metonymy, and that in any polysemous expression only one or a few so-called ‘sanctioning’ senses have privileged status in supporting new extensions. One factor believed to determine sanctioning status is high frequency. Drawing on three case studies from the history of English, involving change in the adjective awful, the preposition and adverb about and the multifunctional item so, this article provides diachronic evidence from semantic loss to support this view. On the one hand, it is shown that when old sanctioning senses go into decline, this also impacts the senses derived from them, underscoring the motivational relations that tie extended senses to sanctioning senses. On the other hand, what typically initiates a decline in a sanctioning sense is a frequency increase elsewhere in the polysemy network coincident with the emergence of a new sanctioning sense, underscoring the role of frequency in determining sanctioning status and the directionality of sanctioning relations.
Active wake control (AWC) has emerged as a promising strategy for enhancing wind turbine wake recovery, but accurately modelling its underlying fluid mechanisms remains challenging. This study presents a computationally efficient wake model that provides end-to-end prediction capability from rotor actuation to wake recovery enhancement by capturing the coupled dynamics of wake meandering and mean flow modification, requiring only two inputs: a reference wake without control and a user-defined AWC strategy. The model combines physics-based resolvent modelling for large-scale coherent structures and an eddy viscosity modelling for small-scale turbulence. A Reynolds stress model is introduced to account for the influence of both coherent and incoherent wake fluctuations, so that the time-averaged wake recovery enhanced by the AWC can be quantitatively predicted. Validation against large-eddy simulations (LES) across various AWC approaches and actuating frequencies demonstrates the model’s predictive capability, accurately capturing AWC-specific and frequency-dependent mean wake recovery with less than 8 % error from LES while reducing computational time from thousands of central-processing-unit hours to minutes. The efficiency and accuracy of the model makes it a promising tool for practical AWC design and optimization of large-scale wind farms.
CBRN incidents require specialized hazmat decontamination protocols to prevent secondary contamination and systemic toxicity. While wet decontamination is standard, it can present challenges in cold weather or when resources are limited. Dry decontamination offers an alternative and supportive approach, though its effectiveness across different contaminants remains unclear. This scoping review evaluates the effectiveness, advantages, and limitations of dry decontamination in hazmat incidents.
Methods
A scoping review was conducted using MEDLINE, CINAHL, and other databases. Following the PRISMA-ScR approach, 9 studies were selected from 234 identified articles. The review assessed decontamination techniques, materials, and effectiveness across different contaminants.
Results
Dry decontamination is rapid, resource-efficient, and suitable for immediate use in pre-hospital and hospital settings, especially during mass casualty incidents (MCIs). Dry decontamination is highly effective for liquid contaminants, with blue roll and sterile trauma dressings removing over 80% of contaminants within minutes. However, dry decontamination is less effective for hair and particulate contaminants. Blotting and rubbing techniques significantly enhance decontamination efficiency.
Conclusions
Dry decontamination can be an effective alternative for wet decontamination, particularly for liquid contaminants, as a first-line approach for scenarios where wet decontamination is not a practical solution for logistical and environmental reasons. However, dry decontamination is less effective than wet decontamination for hair and particulate contaminants. Combining dry and wet decontamination is shown to be more effective. Identifying the need for including dry decontamination as an integral part of the CBRN response plan improves the efficacy of decontamination.
Despite an early surge in copper-ore mining during the sixth and fifth millennia BC (the ‘boom’), evidence for metal production in the Balkans dwindles in the fourth millennium (the ‘bust’). Here, the authors present new evidence for copper mining at Curak in south-west Serbia, c. 3800 cal BC, during this apparent downturn. By integrating field surveys, excavations and provenance analyses, they explore activity at the site, challenging the visibility bias in the archaeological record of this region for this key period. Rather than a societal collapse, the authors argue, fewer artefacts may instead reflect a widening Balkan sphere of influence.
In this paper, we investigate the relation between head movement and the synthesis-periphrasis distinction in the verbal domain. We use the term synthesis to refer to verbal expressions in which the lexical verb bears all the verbal inflection in a clause (e.g. rode in English). In contrast, a periphrastic verbal expression additionally contains an auxiliary verb (specifically, be or have), and verbal inflection is distributed between the lexical verb and the auxiliary (e.g. had ridden). We argue for two crosslinguistic generalizations: AfTonomy and *V-Aux. According to AfTonomy, affixal Ts vary as to whether they are in a head movement relation with a verb. *V-Aux states that in periphrasis, the lexical verb and the auxiliary cannot be related by head movement. Existing analyses of periphrasis can account for one or the other generalization, but not for both. We further argue that this tension between the two generalizations is resolved if we adopt the hypothesis that both head movement and periphrasis are tied to selection. More specifically, we propose that head movement is parasitic on a selectional relation (following Svenonius 1994, Julien 2002, Matushansky 2006, Pietraszko 2017, Preminger 2019) and that auxiliaries are merged as specifiers selected by functional heads such as T (Pietraszko 2017, 2023).
In this article, we revisit the notion of some hyperbolicity introduced by Pujals and Sambarino [A sufficient condition for robustly minimal foliations. Ergod. Th. & Dynam. Sys.26(1) (2006), 281–289]. We present a more general definition that, in particular, can be applied to the symplectic context (something that was not possible for the previous one). As an application, we construct $C^1$ robustly transitive derived from Anosov diffeomorphisms with mixed behaviour on centre leaves.
Though ubiquitous in many engineering applications, including drug delivery, the compound droplet hydrodynamics in confined geometries have been barely surveyed. For the first time, this study thoroughly investigates the hydrodynamics of a ferrofluid compound droplet (FCD) during its migration in a microchannel under the presence of a pressure-driven flow and a uniform external magnetic field (UEMF) to manipulate its morphology and retard its breakup. Finite difference and phase-field multiple-relaxation time lattice Boltzmann approaches are coupled to determine the magnetic field and ternary flow system, respectively. First, the influence of the magnetic Bond number (${Bo}_m$) on the FCD morphology is explored depending on whether the core or shell is ferrofluid when the UEMF is applied along $\alpha =0^\circ$ and $\alpha =90^\circ$ relative to the fluid flow. It is ascertained that imposing the UEMF at $\alpha =0^\circ$ when the shell is ferrofluid can postpone the breakup. Intriguingly, when the core is ferrofluid, strengthening the UEMF enlarges the shell deformation. Afterwards, the effects of the capillary number (${Ca}$), density ratio, viscosity ratio, radius ratio and surface tension coefficients are scrutinised on the FCD deformation and breakup. The results indicate that augmenting the core-to-shell viscosity and density ratios accelerates the breakup process. Additionally, surface tension between the core and shell suppresses the core deformation. Moreover, increasing the ${Ca}$ intensifies the viscous drag force exerted on the shell, flattening its rear side, which causes a triangular-like configuration. Ultimately, by varying ${Bo}_m$ and ${Ca}$, five distinct regimes are observed, whose regime map is established.
To describe the mitigation strategies for a Candida auris outbreak in a cardiothoracic transplant intensive care unit (CTICU) and its implications for infection prevention practices.
Design:
Retrospective cohort study from July 2023 to February 2024.
Setting:
A large academic medical center.
Methods:
A multidisciplinary team convened to conduct the outbreak investigation and develop mitigation strategies in the CTICU.
Results:
From July 2023 to February 2024, 34 possible hospital-onset cases of C. auris were identified in our CTICU. Whole-genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis based on pairwise single nucleotide polymorphism (WG-SNP) distance revealed two distinct outbreak clusters. Of the 34 patients, 11 (32.3%) were solid organ transplant recipients and 12 (35.3%) had a mechanical circulatory support device. Of the cohort, only 11/34 (32.3%) had prior exposure to high-risk healthcare facilities within six months prior to admission, as follows: acute inpatient rehabilitation facilities (AIRs) (n = 5, 14.7%), skilled nursing facilities (SNFs) (n = 3, 8.8%), and long-term acute care hospitals (LTACHs) (n = 3, 8.8%). The cohort had a median of 22.0 antibiotic-days prior to their positive results. Five (14.7%) patients had C. auris candidemia, three of whom expired likely due to infection. Infection Prevention (IP) interventions addressed several modes of transmission, including healthcare personnel hands, shared patient equipment, and the environment.
Conclusion:
Our experience suggests that the epidemiology of C. auris may be changing, pointing towards a rising prevalence in acute care settings. IP interventions targeting hand hygiene behavior and promoting centralizing cleaning and disinfection of shared patient equipment may have contributed to outbreak resolution.
In the recent case of Ezuame Mannan v Attorney General and Speaker of Parliament,1the Ghanaian Supreme Court in a 5-4 decision struck down the Narcotics Control Commission Act, 2020 (Act 1019), on grounds that the parliamentary processes leading to its enactment were unconstitutional. In arriving at this decision, the court strived to define the limits of Parliament’s legislative powers. While some clarity was achieved, difficult contradictions emerged. Prominent among these was the extent to which the constitutional power of judicial review over legislative actions should interfere with the autonomy of Parliament. In this article, I propose that a proper understanding and application of the purposive approach to interpretation offers an effective tool for reconciling these seemingly conflicting constitutional values.
The aerodynamic performance of an ultra-high aspect ratio strut-braced wing design is assessed for flight at cruise. The sensitivity of a selected airframe design from a recent CleanSky2 project to operating conditions around the design point is quantified using the adaptive-cut high-dimensional model representation (HDMR) method, which allows for the decomposition of the parameter space into smaller subdomains to isolate the parameter interactions and influence on the aerodynamic forces. A comparative analysis with a cantilever wing configuration is performed to identify the role of the strut on the sensitivity of the design. Insight into the transonic performance is gained by characterisation of buffet limits and drag rise. Results show that, for the selected optimised airframe configuration, small changes in freestream parameters can lead to significant reduction in performance due to drag divergence triggered by the shock wave generated at the strut-wing junction and at the fuselage-strut intersection. Cruise conditions can be achieved without buffet onset throughout much of the parameter space. Safety margins associated with buffeting are satisfied, but sensible limits are imposed on the flight envelope for this configuration.
Research on mortality and admissions for physical health problems across eating disorder diagnoses in representative settings is scarce. Inequalities in these outcomes across a range of sociodemographic characteristics have rarely been investigated.
Aims
We investigated whether people with eating disorders had greater all-cause mortality and physical health-related in-patient admissions compared with those without eating disorders, and whether associations varied by sex, ethnicity, deprivation, age and calendar year at diagnosis.
Method
Using primary care Clinical Research Practice Datalink linked to Hospital Episode Statistics, we matched people with an incident eating disorder diagnosis (any, anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, eating disorders not otherwise specified, generic eating disorder or a referral code) from primary care Read codes to four people without eating disorders (1:4 matching) on year of birth, sex, primary care practice, year of registration and index date. We used univariable and multivariable Cox (mortality) and Poisson (admissions) models, and fitted interactions to investigate whether associations varied by sociodemographic characteristics.
Results
We included 58 735 people (90.1% female, 91.6% White). People with any eating disorders had higher all-cause mortality (hazard ratio: 2.15, 95% CI: 1.73–2.67). Anorexia nervosa had the highest mortality (hazard ratio: 3.49, 95% CI: 2.43–5.01). People with any eating disorders had higher rates of planned (incidence rate ratio (IRR): 1.80, 95% CI: 1.4–1.87) and emergency admissions for physical health problems (IRR: 2.35. 95% CI: 2.35–2.46) and emergency admissions for injuries, accidents and substance misuse (IRR: 5.26, 95% CI: 5.24–5.29). Mortality and admission rate ratios were greater in males.
Conclusions
People with eating disorders have high rates of mortality and physical health-related admissions. Observed inequalities call for an understanding of why such inequalities exist. These findings highlight the need for prompt and effective treatment for eating disorders, and for improved guidance on primary care management of people with eating disorders.
To identify changes in emergency department (ED) use in Houston, TX during the mid-summer Hurricane Beryl-induced power outage to inform future targeted public health interventions.
Methods
Syndromic surveillance system ED visit daily counts for total visits, heat-related illness, carbon monoxide poisoning, acute cardiac condition, stroke, dialysis, and medication refills post-hurricane were statistically compared to the 2 weeks prior and plotted alongside the percentage of the population with power outage.
Results
Daily ED visits post-storm were statistically higher (P< 0.05) than the 2 weeks prior for total visits and acute cardiac events (Day 1, 2); heat-related illness (Day 1-3); dialysis (Day 0-3); and carbon monoxide poisoning and medication refill (Day 1-9).
Conclusions
While 50% of the city experienced power outages from high winds, total ED visits, acute cardiac events, and heat-related illness were statistically higher in the first 3 days after Beryl than expected. Houston developed targeted messaging to mitigate these events in future disasters.
The gastrointestinal microbiota of mammals plays a crucial role in host health, influencing nutrient absorption, lipid metabolism, and immune system regulation. This study examines the current state of research on gut microbiota in pinnipeds and cetaceans, significant indicators of ocean health. To this end, a bibliometric and an in-depth analysis was conducted using the Scopus database. A total of 83 articles published between 1994 and 2023 were found on this topic. In this period, publications showed a 6.9% annual increase, reflecting a growing interest in this field. The USA and China lead in research output, reflecting their high investment in research funding. Study topics were classified in characterization, characterization and comparison, bacterial isolation, and others. Regarding the origin of the samples, faecal samples predominated over gastrointestinal tissues and oral swabs. The most abundant bacterial phyla were Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Fusobacteria, and Bacterioidetes. The research also highlights the presence of pathogenic bacteria underscoring the need to better understand the health implications for these species. The analysis also reveals that studies focus on a few species, such as Phoca vitulina (Harbor seal) and Tursiops truncatus (Bottlenose dolphin), reflecting a bias towards more accessible and studied species. To advance in this area, it is recommended to broaden the range of species and countries studied, improve sampling methodologies, and foster international collaborations. Research on marine mammal gut microbiota remains an expanding field, offering significant insights into the biology and ecology of these animals.
Micro-UAV systems used for metric purposes are highly capable of capturing relatively high-resolution, chromatically stable aerial images at low altitudes. In micro-UAV-based aerial imaging-based structure-from-motion (a-SfM) applications, the flight mission planning problem can be customised to achieve different objectives. The requirement for minimising the time spent in the air, which is crucial for energy conservation, can be achieved by designing the shortest possible flight path. Spatial resolution in the captured aerial images can be significantly preserved by maintaining the ground sampling distance (GSD) value within a 95${\rm{\% }}$ confidence interval throughout the flight path. Fuel efficiency can be improved by minimising the number of turning manoeuvers required to follow the flight path during the flying mission. In this paper, four distinct flight mission planning processes are delineated to enable the energy-efficient and effective implementation of aerial imaging missions, with their associated parameters optimised using the colony-based search algorithm (CSA). The obtained experimental results demonstrate that the proposed flight mission planning processes are highly successful in the energy-efficient and effective execution of aerial imaging missions.