What explains the demand and supply of criminal governance? Contrary to traditional explanations of criminal governance as top-down control, this study integrates bottom-up demands for assistance and top-down supply of aid and coercion. We argue that the demand for criminal governance stems from civilians’ drive to satisfy their primary necessities, while security concerns motivate criminals to supply governance to prevent civilian resistance. The theory focuses on three main factors: economic difficulties, articulation/resistance capacity, and government response. The empirical strategy uses multiple list experiments conducted in Mexico, Honduras, Guatemala, and El Salvador. On the demand side, results indicate that economic difficulties and civilian articulation capacity shape the demand for criminal aid. On the supply side, criminals largely neglect people’s economic needs. When criminals help, they do it for cheap and to neutralize potential civilian resistance or to compete against the state. However, when economic conditions worsen, criminals revert to imposing lockdowns.

In this paper, we study the existence of solutions to the following Hartree equation

\begin{align*}\begin{cases}-\Delta u+\lambda V(x) u+\mu u=\left(\int_{\mathbb{R}^N}\frac{|u|^p}{|x-y|^{N-\alpha}}\right)|u|^{p-2}u,\ \text{in}\ \mathbb{R}^N,\\\int_{\mathbb{R}^N}|u|^2=\omega,\end{cases}\end{align*}

Where $N\geq 3$, $\omega,\lambda \gt 0$, $p\in \left(\frac{N+\alpha}{N}, \frac{N+\alpha}{N-2}\right)\setminus\left\{\frac{N+\alpha+2}{N}\right\}$ and µ will appear as a Lagrange multiplier. We assume that $0\leq V\in L^{\infty}_{loc}(\mathbb{R}^N)$ has a bottom $int V^{-1}(0)$ composed of $\ell_0$ $(\ell_{0}\geq1)$ connected components $\{\Omega_i\}_{i=1}^{\ell_0}$, where $int V^{-1}(0)$ is the interior of the zero set $V^{-1}(0)=\{x\in\mathbb{R}^N| V(x)=0\}$ of V. It is worth pointing out that the penalization technique is no longer applicable to the local sublinear case $p\in \left(\frac{N+\alpha}{N},2\right)$. Therefore, we develop a new variational method in which the two deformation flows are established that reflect the properties of the potential. Moreover, we find a critical point without introducing a penalization term and give the existence result for $p\in \left(\frac{N+\alpha}{N}, \frac{N+\alpha}{N-2}\right)\setminus\left\{\frac{N+\alpha+2}{N}\right\}$. When ω is fixed and satisfies $\omega^{\frac{-(p-1)}{-Np+N+\alpha+2}}$ sufficiently small, we construct a $\ell$-bump $(1\leq\ell\leq \ell_{0})$ positive normalization solution, which concentrates at $\ell$ prescribed components $\{\Omega_i\}^{\ell}_{i=1}$ for large λ. We also consider the asymptotic profile of the solutions as $\lambda\rightarrow\infty$ and $\omega^{\frac{-(p-1)}{-Np+N+\alpha+2}}\rightarrow 0$.

The Church of England has recently engaged again with issues of racism by setting up the Anti-Racism Taskforce in 2020, followed by the Archbishops’ Commission for Racial Justice in 2021. Both groups stressed the lack of progress in tackling racism in the Church and the need to raise awareness of racial injustice at all levels. This paper reports on the measurement of racial awareness among 3,167 clergy and lay people who took part in the Church 2024 survey. Eight items in the survey were used to create the racial awareness scale. Results suggested a mixed picture with a majority awareness that racial inequality is an important issue that needs to be addressed, a majority rejection of the idea that there may be local or institutionally embedded racism and enthusiasm for diversifying leadership but not for taking specific actions relating to historic slavery. Multiple regression analysis showed racial awareness was shaped by a complex mixture of individual, contextual and religious factors.

Many conceptions of Just Transition focus narrowly on how to create employment opportunities for those in the so called ‘dirty’ industries who are likely to lose their jobs in the transition to sustainability. However, there is an emerging concept of ‘Transformative Just Transition’ (TJT) which emphasises the need to entirely transform our societies in order to achieve justice in this transition. What a TJT should include is still being debated. In this article, I propose that the fundamental element needs to be a redistribution of income and wealth – globally, nationally and locally. This would mean the wealthier would inevitably have to reduce their ecological footprint while those on low incomes could afford to meet their social and environmental needs (healthy food, water and housing; adequate energy and transport; etc). This paper discusses the why and how (e.g. climate reparations, progressive environmental taxation) of redistributing income and wealth in order to achieve a TJT. It particularly focuses on the role of labour unions in achieving the necessary redistribution.

Women’s reproductive autonomy matters for gender equality, but abortion laws rarely pass without limitations and restrictions on access. Legislative abortion reform also triggers conservative resistance, forcing feminists to develop new strategies to protect rights. While scholars often study abortion laws’ adoption and implementation separately, we identify patterns in feminists’ decisions during adoption, on the one hand, and conservative actors’ responses and feminists’ strategies during implementation, on the other. We propose an analytic framework that maps different decisions during adoption onto different strategies during implementation. During adoption, we distinguish between acceptable conditions and strategic sacrifices. During implementation, the latter allows feminists to play offense while the former forces feminists into playing defense. We develop this framework through in-depth primary research in Chile and Uruguay alongside evidence from three additional Global South cases. Our framework helps scholars and policy makers alike to anticipate how decisions during adoption affect actors’ behavior during implementation.

Flow separation in highly loaded axial compressors remains a major barrier to performance, motivating the search for active flow control strategies. This study investigates air injection to energise low-momentum endwall flow in a tandem stator configuration, representing the first investigation of its kind for tandem vanes. A numerical investigation was conducted, starting with a smooth-casing reference case and progressing to parametric studies of slot geometry (inclination $\alpha $, jet angle $\beta $, radius of curvature ${R_c}$, circumferential width ${w_c}$), relative injection mass flow rate ${\dot m_{inj}}/{\dot m_{stall}}$ and axial location $\zeta $. The results show how each parameter influences efficiency and pressure ratio, yielding design guidelines: shallow $\alpha $, moderate $\beta $ towards the separation zone, relatively large ${R_c}$ and a balanced ${w_c}$–${\dot m_{inj}}/{\dot m_{stall}}$ combination, best captured through the momentum coefficient ${C_u}$ and velocity ratio ${u_{inj}}/{u_\infty }$. Injection near $\zeta \approx 1.2$ (just upstream of separation) proved most effective, and off-design simulations showed larger efficiency gains towards de-throttled conditions, although stall margin was unaffected. Robustness was confirmed through turbulence-model comparisons and injector turbulence variations, which consistently reproduced suppression of suction-side separation. An integrated analysis of aerodynamic losses further showed that injection strategies remain beneficial when loss penalties are considered. The study thus establishes transferable guidelines for injector design in tandem stators, providing a foundation for future optimisation and experimental validation.

This piece argues that to understand how cultural heritage functions as a form of power at the international level, it is essential to deconstruct the ‘productive politics’ that surround and shape the material and symbolic spatial formations of heritage and heritagisation. To this aim, by integrating critical accounts on heritage politics, geopolitics, and biopolitics, this piece deconstructs the dynamics of Turkey’s heritagisation of traditional Turkish archery (TTA) in Turkey and beyond. We introduce heritage geopolitics as a novel analytical framework to unpack the role of these multiple intertwined scales of spaces in heritagisation and the ‘productive politics’ behind it. Heritage geopolitics, explained through the heritagisation of TTA, helps to illustrate how heritagisation becomes a multiscalar hegemonic process that shapes various features of the domestic and international orders, from the biopolitical to the geopolitical, attempting to challenge existing narratives of power and moral authority. We demonstrate that heritage geopolitics differs from other uses of heritage in world politics (such as cultural diplomacy, heritage diplomacy, or soft power) by foregrounding the domestic and embodied moral foundations of biopolitical and geopolitical imaginations embedded in the heritagisation processes.

Around the turn of the twelfth century, Bishop Ivo of Chartres (c. 1040-1115) wrote the sermon-tract Quare deus natus et passus sit in which he outlined the process of human redemption. Although widely circulated in the twelfth century, this important text has been little studied. Here it is situated within the context of high-medieval penance. It is argued that Ivo was specifically concerned to impress the importance of contrition in Quare deus natus et passus sit by providing an outline of the redemptive process that emphasised God’s ‘medicinal mercy’ whilst delineating human knowledge of that process for priestly audiences.

How do legal and medical professionals construct patients’ legal status and mental states in courtrooms, and how do patients themselves shape those constructions? This paper analyzes 300 hearings in Paris and New York City where people who have been involuntarily hospitalized in psychiatric facilities ask to be released. In both cities, courts reject the vast majority of requests. They do so by drawing on the two systems’ distinctive legal repertoires and control capacity to make patients into different kinds of serviceable subjects: people whose rights are given nominal consideration in the courtroom, but who are nonetheless classified as needing the forced interventions that the psychiatric system has the resources to provide. In Paris, legal professionals emphasize procedural rights while deferring to medical evaluations of patients’ consent, defined as their underlying willingness to accept long-term treatment. In New York, lawyers challenge psychiatric expertise but bargain with doctors and patients over compliance, understood as a short-term acceptance of medication. This paper reorients attention from the self-governing subjects that hybrid medical-legal-welfare interventions claim to ultimately produce toward the more contingent and situational serviceable subjects that allow for ongoing professional collaboration and institutional processing in contexts of diminished resources and expanded patients’ rights.

Self-reflection is central to the development of psychotherapeutic competence. Given the positive reports of video analysis use in psychotherapy training, we suggest that self-reflection based on video analysis may be particularly effective. The aim of this study was to test whether video-based structured self-reflection (VSR) is superior to memory-based structured self-reflection (MSR) in terms of its effect on students’ psychotherapeutic competence and the therapeutic alliance. As part of a university seminar within a Master’s program, N=34 psychology students (M=25 years; n=32 identifying as female) were randomly assigned to 4 weeks of practice with either VSR (n=16) or MSR (n=18). Independent raters assessed students’ psychotherapeutic competence and the alliance before and after the practice phase (pre- and post-assessment). Students additionally rated their own competence during the practice phase. The written self-reflections were analysed using qualitative content analysis and frequency analysis. A repeated measures MANOVA revealed no significant differences between the study groups in the development of externally rated psychotherapeutic competencies from pre- to post-assessment. An analysis of students’ self-reported competencies during the practice phase revealed a significant time effect (η2G=0.12). Analysis of the written self-reflections showed that students focused mainly on the positive aspects of their behavior. The assumption that VSR is particularly beneficial was not confirmed. It seems that self-reflection requires additional guidance, feedback, and a sufficient time frame to effectively improve trainee skills.

Key learning aims

1. (1) To find out whether video-based structured self-reflection is an effective means of developing students’ psychotherapeutic skills and the therapeutic alliance.

2. (2) To identify the main characteristics of students’ self-reflections and the benefits and challenges they perceive during the self-reflection process.

3. (3) To draw methodologically valid conclusions for the implementation of self-reflection in the university context.

Mutations in genes encoding sarcomeric proteins account for 50–60% of familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy cases. However, the molecular pathogenesis in approximately one-third of patients remains unidentified. We describe the case of a 15-year-old female who presented with intermittent palpitations and had a significant paternal cardiovascular history. She was diagnosed with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, confirmed by echocardiogram and cardiac MRI. Genetic testing revealed a variant of unknown significance in exon 7 of the FHL1 gene and exon 43 of the ANK2 gene.