This chapter analyzes the controversy that arose after the assassination of Henry IV in 1610 between the Jesuits, especially Cardinal Robert Bellarmine and Jacques Davy du Peron, and Louis XIII and his royalist supporters in France. Peron claimed in print that the young Louis XIII was illegitimate becasue the pope had annulled the marriage of Henry IV to Marguerite de Valois.. He further claimed that the popes authority was superior to that of kings. This chapter demonstrates that the language used to denounce Bellarmine and Peron by Gallican supporters of the crown, especially at the Estates General of 1614, underscored the vocabulary of the royal state.

To conform market pricing, people typically use symbols whose meaning is purely a matter of common knowledge of widespread use of the symbols in a given social network or community. Like the other three conformation systems, market pricing symbols conform representationally, emotionally, motivationally, and morally. Signatures on a contract, for example, are symbolic legal and moral commitments. Beyond writing and bookkeeping, many technologies have been developed and continue to be invented to facilitate the use of symbolic conformations of market pricing. Before and after the invention of currency, measurements of weights, volumes, and land-areas depend on convention-based symbolism. Commerce is especially dependent on such symbolism to conform prices, rents, wages, interest rates, and other rates and proportions.

Chapter 5 focuses on Arnauld’s account of ideas and perception. Scholars are divided on whether Arnauld is an indirect or direct realist. I begin by distinguishing between these two views as well as a related taxonomy: act theories of idea, act-object theories of ideas, and object theories of ideas. Arnauld’s most detailed treatment of these issues occurs in his debate with Malebranche and in Section 5.2, I offer a brief overview of Malebranche’s indirect realism and object theory of ideas. In Section 5.3, I distinguish between two debates between Arnauld and Malebranche: One is methodological, and one concerns the nature of perception itself. In Section 5.4, I argue that Arnauld’s account of sensory perception is best described as a direct realism, though with several caveats. I also consider some objections to a direct realist reading of Arnauld, especially his account of objective reality and certain passages which seem to reject direct realism. I conclude with some taxonomical considerations and suggest that, while Arnauld’s account of sensory perception is best thought of as a direct realist account, his overall account of perception eludes straightforward categorization.

This chapter begins its discussion of Australian poetry in the decades immediately following World War II, post-Ern Malley hoax. It identifies the impulse in major poets of this time to establish a canon of Australian poetry that reinforced a strong sense of settler identity. The chapter reflects upon this expansionary period of Australian literary culture, as evidenced by the growth of Australian publishers, literary magazines, government support for the arts, professional networks, and forums for the discussion of poetry. It considers canon-building manoeuvres in light of a deep divide between conservative and left-wing viewpoints. The role of Douglas Stewart and Beatrice Davis, and Angus & Robertson’s Australian Poets Series, is detailed. The chapter also describes the expansion of Australian literary studies as underpinned by the growth of tertiary education. It discusses how a number of poets assumed elevated university positions, encouraging scholarly accounts and criticism of poetry. Lastly, the chapter concludes that the advent of Oodgeroo’s work presented a formidable challenge to this mid century envisioning of a national canon.

This chapter examines the work of a generation of women poets born in the 1860s whose rural childhood became fundamental in shaping their understandings of the intersections between class, gender and nation. Mary Fullerton, Marie E. J. Pitt and Mary Gilmore combined their socialist ideals with first-wave feminism, and Gilmore could become the first woman member of the Australian Workers, Union and participate in the utopic socialist venture to establish a ‘New Australia’ in South America. The chapter critiques the role of nostalgia in the racial blindspots of their vision of social transformation. It also considers the role of literary clubs, feminist periodicals and women’s magazines in encouraging a subsequent generation of women’s voices. With a critique of the institution of marriage, a growing legitimation of professional women writers and the articulation of female desire, there emerged a New Woman who challenged traditional gender conventions and defied divisions of class. The chapter also considers how this newer generation of women revised traditional poetic forms and embraced free verse, but were still limited by what was deemed acceptable for publication.

The brain neuromodulatory systems consist of small regions in the brainstem, pontine nucleus, and basal forebrain that regulate cognitive behavior by releasing neurotransmitters. Ascending projections from the brainstem and basal forebrain regions spread these neurotransmitters to broad areas of the central nervous system within the frontal cortex, anterior cingulate, or hippocampus, signaling a range of neural pathways. The modulator effect executed in these brain areas, together with the interplay between the systems, is crucial for regulating and adjusting many cognitive and behavioral functions. Neurodegenerative disease processes frequently affect the normal functioning of these modulator circuitries, directly leading to or contributing to the appearance of cognitive and neuropsychiatric symptoms. Even though these neuromodulatory systems’ impairment and imbalance happen early, further efforts to understand better their neurobiological basis are warranted . Hence, this chapter aims to review the role of the neuromodulatory systems in behavior and cognition and how their dysfunction shapes the neurodegenerative dementia phenotype.

Frieze, an everyday woollen fabric of domestic manufacture, serves in the Afterword as an image of resilience. Setting the more familiar images of romantic ruin to one side, the book ends by arguing for an Irish romanticism that scripts its own terms and knows its own strength.

It is claimed that the form of perceiving is mirroring and also map-like. Historically, mirroring is here considered to be akin to mirroring in Leibniz, by whom Kant was influenced. Mirroring can also be taken to be indirect, by way of a representative, as in Locke, according to the standard interpretations. However, it follows from the immediacy condition on perceptions that the mirroring has to be direct in Kant. He also explicitly attacks picture theories of perception. Perceptions are not of an intermediary to be perceived. Rather, they are themselves space-like in their mereological organization, and they represent by way of a structural similarity with the layout of spatial scenes. On this point, it is claimed that Kant’s version of non-conceptualism has similarities with positions in current debates on perception, like those of Fodor and Peacocke. Indeed, perceptions also map the territory, as in Burge, and that goes a bit beyond mirroring. Thus, some features of cartographic representation carry over to intuitions in Kant. Finally, the relation between the saturation of intuitions and the fact that they mirror and map what they represent is discussed.

This is a book about the ground floor in human knowledge. It is about intuition in the specific sense of “Anschauung” in Kant’s critical philosophy. Sensory perception of scenes and particulars is a paradigmatic instance thereof. However, intuition in Kant’s technical sense comes with its own taxonomy – or perhaps it is more correct to say that “intuition” is a label for a whole family of representational kinds. It can be sensible or intellectual, empirical or pure, inner or outer, etc. The main focus here shall be on sensory perception, though, or on what Kant calls “outer empirical intuition.”

The purpose of this chapter is to estimate expenditure on consumption by cross-referencing the nominal prices of food-related objects with the quantified consumption levels obtained earlier in this book. This is an appropriate way to explore how far consumption increased in monetary terms, the changes in its composition over time and its impact on peasant incomes. Estimating expenditure on food-related objects proves also a good way of exploring how much these goods represented as a share of movable wealth, as well as what these types of items represented as compared to other goods owned by peasant households.