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Index

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 November 2025

Chunmei Du
Chunmei Du
Affiliation:
Lingnan University, Hong Kong

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Everyday Occupation
American Soldiers and Chinese Civilians after World War II
 , pp. 287 - 292
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2025
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This content is Open Access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/cclicenses/

Index

8th Route Army, 23, 38
Abarra, Petro, 120, 121
Amerasia, 145
American goods. See also theft of American goods
Chinese consumption of, 155–169
Chinese rejection of, 192–195
versus national goods, 169–176
American military vehicles
causing traffic accidents, 102–106
street politics, 106–112
American soldiers
dissatisfaction with mission in China, 45–47
extraterritorial rights in China, 7–10
GI/Jeep duality, 102–105
lifestyle, 59, 61–68, 81, 91–92, 117
misconduct, 4, 18, 116, 143–144, 166
multiple roles and identities, 16–18, 91–93
privileges, 67–68, 162, 207
and rickshaw men, 112–118
withdrawal from China, 24–25
American Volunteer Group, 124. See also “Flying Tigers”
III Amphibian Corps (IIIAC), 3, 27–30
Anping Incident, 39–41, 47
anti-American boycott 1905, 175–176
anti-American sentiments, 95, 203
contemporary narrative of, 197–204
gendered nationalism, 145
popular sentiments, 13, 192–197
and reckless GI driving, 106
and rickshaw puller cases, 121
Anti-Brutality movement, 12, 149, 151. See also anti-American sentiments
Arnett, Warren Jefferson, 76
Astor Hotel in Tianjin, 27, 62
asymmetric warfare, 206–207
Bai Chongxi, 190
Ballard, J. G., 157
bargaining and economic transactions, 86, 117
“Beijing Jeep”, 123, 210
Bernstein, Richard, 206
biracial babies, 130
Birch, John, 48
black market, 168
American participation in, 182–183
Chinese government control on, 189–190
black troops, 6, 150
black truck drivers, 98
Born to Defend, 203
Bousquin, Sylvio L., 109, 162
Boxer Uprising, 12, 59, 61
Buck, Pearl S., 142
Bucklew, Phil, 68
Cabot, John M., 192
canned food, 155, 156, 158, 164, 174, 175
Cao Guiming (Ts’ao Hui-ming), 184, 191
Carlson, Evans Fordyce, 85
Carter, Jimmy, 196–197
Cathay Hotel, 62
CBI (China-Burma-India) Theater, 82, 85, 97, 98, 140
ceasefire negotiations and agreement, 47
Chen Baocang (Chen Pao-tsang), 33
Chen Cheng, 129, 170
Chen Xiangmei, 139
Chennault, Claire Lee, 51, 139
Chiang Kai-shek
condemning anti-American sentiment, 11
on GI misconduct, 9, 55, 56, 147, 192
as head of Nationalist Governmemt, 2, 7, 24, 34, 41, 43, 53, 97, 149, 151
on Japanese surrender, 22–23
on jurisdiction and sovereignty, 55–57, 67, 190–192
promotion of modern Chinese life, 75, 131, 170
Chiang Kai-shek, Madame, 11, 142
Child, Julia, 82
Child, Paul, 21, 82
“Chimerica”, 211
China Expeditionary Army of Japan, 56
The China Weekly Review, 105, 159
China’s Committee to Deal with War Crimes, 54
“Chinaman’s chance”, 88, 109–
Chinese Communist Party (CCP)
anti-American boycott, 156, 175–176
anti-American propaganda, 11–14, 44–45, 48, 106, 123, 153, 175, 192, 198–202
and the civil war, 2, 11, 23, 24, 45, 148
confrontations with American military, 37–48
guerrilla tactics, 38–45
narrative of moral superiority and self-reliance, 195
victory of, 94
Chinese Exclusion Act, 141, 175
Chinese Industrial Cooperatives Movements, 85
Chinese National Relief and Rehabilitation Administration, 39, 81
Chinese women
attraction to American men, 137–138
dichotomous portrayal of, 151–153
GIs’ views on, 139–144
marriages between GIs and, 128
as victims of GIs’ sexual violence, 144–151
Chongqing Negotiations, 94, 95, 168
chopsticks diplomacy, 78
Coca-Cola, 161–164
coffee, 158–161
colonialist mentality, 150
Communist victory of, 11
compensation
politics of, 110
for rickshaw pullers, 121
for shooting victims, 184–185
system, 109–111
Concordia, 66
Congressional Investigation Committee on Demobilization, 47
Cooke, Charles M., Jr., 63, 77, 180, 187
coolies, Chinese, 115, 116
cultural diplomacy, 66, 76
Cultural Revolution, 123, 153, 203
Curley, Walter J. P., 34, 182
DDT, 75, 164–166
Deng Chumin, 176
Deng Xiaoping, 196
ding hao, 85
distrust
of the Chinese legal system, 52
against Chinese witnesses, 120
Dixie Mission, 99, 168
Dong Shijin, 132
Doolittle trial, 54
Dorn, Frank, 82
Double Tenth Agreement, 94
Dream of the Red Chamber, 136
Du Jianshi (Tu Chien-shih), 190
economic desperation
and compensation politics, 110–111
and survival theft, 178–180
and war refugee women, 126–127
Ehrhardt Bureau case, 51, 56
Eight-Nation Alliance, 12, 61
Eisenhower, Dwight, 96
Enloe, Cynthia, 15, 140, 152
Evans, William K., 56
everyday/quotidian encounters
contact zone, 14–16
micro-macro dynamics, 18
micropolitics, 16
sociocultural impacts of, 86–87, 91–92, 109–110, 118, 121–122, 131, 144, 170–172, 181–182, 191–192, 203, 208–209
Executive Yuan, 9, 113, 147, 190, 191
extraterritoriality, 7–10. See also US military justice. See also violence
and governmental impotence, 111
and legal impunity, 56–57, 145–147
Fairbank, John King, 155
Fairbank, Wilma, 181
feast and hotel taxes, 67, 68
February Ninth incident, 176
“Flying Tigers”, 11, 139, 163, 205
food
cultures of beef, 80
as cultural symbol and soft power, 161–164
drinking rituals, 80
as relief and survival, 157–158
as symbol of national power and identity, 169–171
food diplomacy, 78
Forrestal, James, 25
Frey, Richard, 169
Fu Manchu, 45
gan bei, 80, 92
Gao Ruofan, 184, 185
German residents in China, trial of, 52
Gillem, Alvan Cullom, 55, 56, 145
GIs. See American soldiers
Glist, Lou, 126, 142
The Good Earth, 142
Graham, Burton E., 183
Griffith, Samuel B., 63
gung ho, 85
Guo Gen, 126
Guo Moruo, 176
halt-or-shoot policy, 176–188
Hankou trial, 50, 51
Hao Wenqing (Ho Wen-ching), 178
Harding, Frank R., 184
Hersey, John, 112, 115
Hinke, Frederick W., 67
Hong Shen, 132, 151
Hoover, Herbert, 64
Howard, Samuel L., 41, 61, 181, 190
Hu Shi, 154
Huang Renlin (Huang Jen-lin), 80–81
Huang Shang, 170
Hurley, Patrick J., 94
immigrants, Chinese, 88, 141, 211
informal diplomacy, 2, 147, 197, 208
interpretation and misinterpretation, 84–89, 181. See also linguistic barriers/control
interpreters, ban on, 69
Isaacs, Harold R., 91
Jacoby, Annalee, 41, 42
Japanese surrender ceremonies, 29
show of force during, 27–37
sword surrender act, 30, 33, 36
Japanese war crimes trials, 48–51
Jeep. See also American military vehicles
as cultural symbol and experience, 94, 102
diplomacy, 112–118
domestication of, 123
street politics of, 106–112
“Jeep babies”, 130
Jeep girls, 101. See also Chinese women
agency of, 135–139
cartoons, 104
class divide among, 125–128
college students as, 131, 137–138
name of, 102, 126
silencing and symbolism of, 130–131, 151, 153
social stigma and debates on, 128–134, 135
Jet Li, 203
Jewish refugees in China, 76, 83
Jiang Ermao, 115
Jiang Qing, 153
judicial sovereignty, 57
Kitts, W. A., 120
Klim, 157
Korean War, 123, 153, 198, 201
Kung Hsiang-hsi, 81
Kunming, 21, 129, 183, 210
Lao She, 117, 153
Laoshan Iltis Mineral Water Co. Ltd., 162
“leech gang”, 189
legal discrimination. See also extraterritoriality
against Chinese witnesses, 120
and systemic injustice, 8–10, 88–89, 119–122, 145–147
legal Orientalism, 52
lend-lease, 155, 167
Li Gongpu, 40
Li Xianliang (Lee Sien-liang), 190
Li Yannian, 34
linguistic barriers/control, 83–86, 88–89, 181
Lockwood, William W., 91
loss of China, 1, 18, 197
Lü Wenzhen, 35
Lu Xi, 135–136
Luo Jialun, 134
Ma Yinchu, 173
MacArthur, Douglas, 34, 53, 103
Maddocks, Ray T., 53
Manchuria, 3, 24, 34, 130, 147
The Manchurian Candidate, 45
Mao Zedong, 11, 42, 94, 95, 123, 148, 168, 193, 195
Marine Air Force, 31, 37
Marine legation guard, 61
A Marine’s Guide to North China, 143
marriage(s)
between GIs and Chinese women, 128
“marriages of convenience”, 142
patterns and legal barriers for GIs, 138–141
Marshall, George C., 1, 2, 41, 45, 46, 48, 53, 96, 100, 161, 208
Masataka Kaburagi, 50
May Fourth Movement, 134, 193
McCartney, Arthur Jack, 89
Miles, Milton E., 28
Military Advisory Group in China (MAGIC), 25
Military Assistance Advisory Group, 207
Military Operations Other than War (MOOTW), 24, 206
Military Police (MP), 68, 105, 112, 143, 183, 203
Ministry of Economic Affairs, 67
Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 54, 55, 103, 190
Ministry of National Defense, 53, 54
Modern Women, 134
Moon, Lottie, 196
Mote, Frederick W., 38
Nagano Eiji, 33
Nanjing Massacre, 51
Narum, Leslie F., 183
national dignity
and ban on interpreters, 69
and GIs’ contempt for the Chinese people, 89, 111
and masculinity, 152
and Nationalist Government, 170
and rejection of American goods, 195
and student resistance, 185–186
National Products Movement, 175
Nationalist army, 23, 35, 46, 48, 76, 97, 189, 261
Nationalist Government. See also Chiang Kai-shek
on American-led war crimes trials, 4–5, 8, 52–57
asymmetric relations, 191
ban on rickshaws, 113, 114, 118
dilemma of dealing with the American military, 5–10, 147–148
on extraterritoriality, 7–9, 111
legitimacy crisis, 2–3, 9, 11, 49, 57, 198
and national dignity, 170
political exploitation of incidents, 11
toward prostitution, 126, 148
on theft of American military goods, 180, 189–190
treatment of the Japanese, 22–23, 48–57
New Culture Movement, 134
New Life Movement, 75, 113, 131
Nixon, Richard, 78
The North China Marine, 141
O’Connor, Jeremiah J., 52
Okamura Yasuji, 33, 56
old China hands, 61, 69, 205
Olive, William, 122
Operation BELEAGUER, 3, 206
The Opium War, 7, 88
“Opposing the US Support of Japan” movement, 12, 193
Ott, Eugen, 53
Page Act of 1875, 141
Patton, George S., 96
Paulucci, Jeno, 210
Payne, Robert, 126
Peck, DeWitt, 38, 39, 40, 61, 140
Peck, Graham, 5, 48
pedestrians, 93, 102–103, 108, 110, 118, 184
Peffer, Nathaniel, 145
Peking rape incident, 4, 12, 124, 144–149. See also Shen Chong
Peking siege, 59
Penicillin, 17, 143, 156, 167–169, 174, 193
people-to-people diplomacy, 197
Perry, Matthew C., 34
Pfeiffer, Omar T., 63, 176, 179, 180, 188
pidgin language, 83–84, 86, 87, 92, 181
Pierson, William Gaither, 145
ping-pong diplomacy, 197
A Pocket Guide to China, 143
Port Arthur (Lüshun), 3, 64
Post Exchange (PX) stores, 161
Pritchard, Warren, 145
Qingdao
as naval base, 7, 24, 64, 176, 182
prohibiting the use of rickshaws, 118
rickshaw puller case in, 120
surrender ceremony, 31–35
Qingdao International Club, 66
Qu Jinpei, 190
Rabb, William R., 46
racism, 67–68, 88, 98, 114, 139
Chinese biases, 141–142
Chinese critiques of, 149–150
and Chinese rickshaw pullers, 114–116
and Chinese women, 138–139, 141–142
and colonial mentality, 66, 144, 182
and Orientalist discourse, 68–71, 116–118
racialized smells, 72–75, 90–91
systemic tolerance and racial prejudice, 87–89, 116, 137, 140, 141, 150–151
Red Cross club, 66
Rickshaw Boy, 117
rickshaw men (pullers), 112
bargaining by, 83, 117
civilization narratives, clash by, 117–118
collective actions by, 121–122
as guides, 113–116
as Oriental symbol, 69, 90, 92, 95, 112–118, 119
as victims of GI’s violence, 90, 112–122, 203
Rockey, Keller E., 29, 30, 41, 46, 61
Roderick, Edward, 119
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 80, 96
Rosset, Barney, 209, 210
Russian refugees in China, 83
Sanmao, 199, 201, 203
Sassoon, Victor, 62
Shanghai stocking industry, 174
Shen bao, 168, 171
Shen Chong, 1, 88, 145, 147, 153. See also Peking rape incident
Shen Lusha, 136
Shepherd, Lemuel C., 27, 33, 34, 36, 37, 66, 183
Simms, John B., 25, 27, 42, 59, 86, 179
Sino-American Treaty for the Relinquishment of Extraterritorial Rights in China and the Regulation of Related Matters, 7
Sino-Soviet split, 123
Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance, 3
Sino-US reciprocity
entangled relations in, 92–93
uneven reciprocity, 5–10
Sledge, E. B., 27, 42, 59
Smith, Arthur H., 88
smuggling of American goods, 173, 174, 182–183. See also theft of American goods
Smyth, Robert L., 53
South China Morning Post, 139
Soviet Union, 3, 6, 7, 21, 23, 31
Stars and Stripes, 142
Stars and Stripes rickshaw derby, 115
Stilwell, Joseph W., 82, 97
Strong, Anna Louise, 48
Stuart, John Leighton, 10, 145
student protests, 2, 11, 13, 67, 147, 185–186, 192, 203, 204
Su Mingcheng case, 120, 122, 186
Sugamo Prison, 50
Sun Lianzhong, 35
Sun Yugui (Sun Yu-kuei), 178, 188
Suzhou Hutong, 126
Taierzhuang, Battle of, 35
Taiwanese prisoners of war, trial of, 49, 54. See also Japanese war crimes trials
Tang Yongxian, 191
Tao Xingzhi, 167
Teahouse, 153
theft of American goods. See also black market
American biases toward, 188–192
by American personnel, 183
Chinese measures against, 189–192
shooting suspects, 176–178. See also “halt or shoot” policy
survival theft, 178–180
Tianjin
GIs’ impression of, 59
incidents in, 38, 39, 61, 74, 84, 86, 103, 110, 130, 140, 165, 178, 179, 182, 189
recreational and sports facilities in, 66–67
surrender ceremony in, 33–36
Tilanqiao Prison, 50, 52
Tojo Hideki, 167
Tokyo Trial, 50, 52
traffic accidents
American military vehicles causing, 102–106
and vehicular politics, 106–112
as visible form of American misconduct, 102–106
Treaty of Friendship, Commerce, and Navigation, 9, 175
Truman, Harry S., 2, 24
Tsao, Charles, 105
US Legation in Beijing, 61
US Military Commission, 48–49
US military involvement
adjudication of war criminals, 48–57
hypermasculine culture, 89–90, 140–144
occupation of North China, 3–5
show of force, 27–37. See also Japanese surrender ceremonies
untenable position, 24–26
US military justice, 182. See also extraterritoriality
Chinese complaints of, 192
double standards, 183–184
institutional bias and hypocrisy, 120, 145–148
systemic injustice, 8–10, 119–122, 145–151
trials, 48–60, 119–122, 145–151
US property, guarding, 176–188
“US Troops Quit China Week” campaign, 11
Uchida Ginnosuke, 30, 221
United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA), 25, 81, 155, 157, 163, 169
United States Army Observation Group. See Dixie Mission
USS Missouri, 34
Vandegrift, A. A., 43
vendors, 1, 70, 83, 87, 92, 156, 160, 176, 184, 187
violence. See also extraterritoriality
against Chinese civilians, 176
and the halt-or-shoot policy, 176–188
against Jeep girls, 131–132
against rickshaw men, 112
sexual, 106, 139, 144, 146–147, 148, 185, 192, 207
and systemic racism, 90, 118
Vogal, F. H., 190
Wagons-Lits Hotel, 62
Wallace, Henry, 167
War Brides Act of 1945, 138, 139, 141
War Fiancées Act of 1946, 138
Watson’s Mineral Water Company, 162, 163, 174
Wedemeyer, Albert C., 24, 47, 48, 62, 68, 116, 140, 147
Wen Yiduo, 40
Wenhui bao, 121
West Wind, 134, 135, 151, 155
White Russians, 83, 126
white superiority, 114, 117. See also racism
White, Theodore H., 41, 42, 88
Williams, Thomas E., 44, 78
Willys-Overland Corporation, 97
Wong, Anna, 208
Wong, Anna May, 141
Worton, William A., 27, 28, 29, 30, 36, 37, 61, 140, 143
Wu Hong (Woo Hung), 41, 76
Wu Liusuo (Wu Liu-so), 178
XABU, 66
Xi Jinping, 197
Xinhe (Hsin Ho) Ammunition Dump, 41, 46
Xinhua ribao, 121
Xinmin Evening News, 154
Yang Shangkun, 168
Yang, L. C., 52
Yanks, 141
Zang Yaocheng (Zang Dayaozi) case, 113, 118–120, 199, 203
Zhang Dongsun, 144
Zhang Lan, 168
Zhang Leping, 199
Zhang Zhizhong, 94, 95
Zhao Xueyao, 110
Zhou Enlai, 37, 47
Zhu De, 23
Zhu Ziqing, 193, 194
Zumwalt, Elmo R., Jr., 28–29, 82, 140

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  • Index
  • Chunmei Du, Lingnan University, Hong Kong
  • Book: Everyday Occupation
  • Online publication: 27 November 2025
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009600705.011
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  • Index
  • Chunmei Du, Lingnan University, Hong Kong
  • Book: Everyday Occupation
  • Online publication: 27 November 2025
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009600705.011
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  • Index
  • Chunmei Du, Lingnan University, Hong Kong
  • Book: Everyday Occupation
  • Online publication: 27 November 2025
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009600705.011
Available formats
×