Chapter 6 focuses on agriculture and food processing. Analysis demonstrates that women undertook a little more than a third of agricultural work tasks, doing more work in animal husbandry than arable agriculture but participating widely in both. The work-task approach also allows less well-documented activities such as work on common land to be analysed for the first time. The gender division of labour in agriculture is shown to have been flexible.

The Convention on Biological Diversity was the first convention to address biodiversity as a global common pool resource. The convention mandates the protection of biodiversity and deals simultaneously with distributive issues, that is, the allocation of benefits from the exploitation of germplasm resources. Although, “raw” germplasm resources have typically been treated as open access resources, “worked” germplasm resources are protected under various intellectual property right systems, such as breeders’ rights and patents. This disparity in the treatment of resources has prompted developing countries to assert jurisdictional control over their “raw” germplasm resources and to charge fees on persons (researchers, corporations) who wish to access such resources. This chapter analyzes the global arrangements for the sharing of benefits from the use of germplasm resources and whether such arrangements will be disrupted by the new techniques of synthetic biology and the advantages offered by the in silico conservation of germplasm resources. We further scrutinize whether the existing arrangements, or potential future configurations of benefit sharing, will have a tangible impact on the livelihoods of people of the developing world – indigenous peoples and farmers.

In this chapter, we discuss practical ways One Health approaches can be integrated into legal and policy action from the lens of the environment sector, to deliver improved human, animal, and ecosystem health outcomes. Relevance to specific processes are highlighted: (1) national implementation of global environmental conventions, including in laws and policy frameworks; (2) environmental and social impact assessment; and 3) local governance systems, including in and around protected areas. Examination of these topics is ground-truthed by national, regional, and subnational examples, including from Liberia, building on lessons from the country’s robust multi-sectoral One Health coordination platform that can guide One Health action at all levels. We also explore the relevance of One Health economics to guide law and policy decisions frameworks in reducing environmental degradation and other trade-offs and maximising societal co-benefits. Finally, we discuss how industry standards and voluntary frameworks, such as the IUCN Green List Standard and its accompanying One Health tools, can have a supporting role in advancing good governance and multi-sectoral management for conservation and health outcomes.

Chapter 2 focuses on types of workers. It examines how work varied by age and marital status, showing that while men’s work remained fairly stable across the lifecycle, women’s work varied significantly. Evidence of working ‘for another’, outside the family household, is analysed in relation to debates about paid work. Evidence of occupations and status indicators are compared with work tasks to address the debates about by-employment and explore the work of labourers and servants. Although women typically lacked such descriptors, some analysis of how wives’ activities varied according to their husband’s occupations is possible.

The adoption of the Deforestation-free Products Regulation represents a significant step forward in the protection of forests, both in the EU and in non-EU countries. In particular, it aims at minimising the risk of deforestation and forest degradation associated with products that contain, have been fed with, or have been made using certain commodities (cattle, cocoa, coffee, oil palm, rubber, soya, and wood). Environmental protection is achieved through provisions affecting the placing and making available of and export from the EU market of the relevant products, including a due diligence framework to ensure that such commodities are deforestation-free and legal under the law of the country of origin. While the Regulation has a clear environmental goal, it could also be seen as an operationalisation of the One Health approach as it tackles several drivers of environmental degradation (land-use change, biodiversity decline, and GHG emissions/climate change). In particular, this Regulation makes for a noteworthy case study in light of its extraterritorial reach, and it is examined in view of the unacknowledged ramifications for the One Health.

Having examined dominant statutory reversion mechanisms, this chapter shows why contracts between creators and rightsholders are not adequate repositories for reversion rights. It presents the results of a study into Australian publishing agreements, demonstrating concerning deficiencies in contractual reversion rights. It also presents results from Untapped, a project dedicated to the revitalisation of important pieces of out-of-print literary heritage in Australia. These results show the difficulties of enforcing contractual reversion rights. Cumulatively, the chapter shows that the contractual model cannot be consistently relied on to provide these rights for creators, and thus that models in law should be considered (which is the focus of the next chapter).

Seeking publicity proactively, politicians needed a cooperative press. ‘Journalistic behaviour’ became a hallmark of the publicity politician. Politicians began to think and act like journalists, internalizing their media logic. To procure continuous publicity, politicians surrounded themselves with journalists. They interacted with these journalists privately, but also through the journalistic innovation of the interview. The interview evolved from casual conversation to a formal format of communication, and it enabled politicians to present themselves in their own words – without journalists’ interpretative filter. As with mass mediated speeches, this new form of communication created both possibilities and risks. Particularly for political outsiders, speeches and interviews offered an opportunity to build a non-traditional base of political support. In addition, politicians invited (photo)journalists to publicize their events to the public, regulating access and bestowing honours to control these journalists. Journalists noted politicians’ media-savviness and described them as having the instincts of a journalist or press manager – enhancing their image as publicity politicians. Through their journalistic behaviour, however, these politicians shaped new expectations for media politics, which they – and their successors – could not meet consistently. The increasing speed of international communication challenged politicians to ceaselessly feed an ever-hungrier press and to satisfy conflicting local and distant audiences.

Chapter 1 is an introduction to the basic concepts of international law and international environmental law. It provides an overview of the actors that are involved in international policymaking, explains the international lawmaking process, and the historical evolution of international environmental law. Principles of international environmental law, such as sovereignty over natural resources, the polluter pays principle, the precautionary principle, the equitable utilization of resources, common but differentiated responsibilities, and intergenerational equity, are explored in detail.