Against the proliferation of large language model (LLM) based Artificial Intelligence (AI) products such as ChatGPT and Gemini, and their increasing use in professional communication training, researchers, including applied linguists, have cautioned that these products (re)produce cultural stereotypes due to their training data. However, there is a limited understanding of how humans navigate the assumptions and biases present in the responses of these LLM-powered systems and the role humans play in perpetuating stereotypes during interactions with LLMs. In this article, we use Sequential-Categorial Analysis, which combines Conversation Analysis and Membership Categorization Analysis, to analyze simulated interactions between a human physiotherapist and three LLM-powered chatbot patients of Chinese, Australian, and Indian cultural backgrounds. Coupled with analysis of information elicited from LLM chatbots and the human physiotherapist after each interaction, we demonstrate that users of LLM-powered systems are highly susceptible to becoming interactionally entrenched in culturally essentialized narratives. We use the concepts of interactional instinct and interactional entrenchment to argue that whilst human–AI interaction may be instinctively prosocial, LLM users need to develop Critical Interactional Competence for human–AI interaction through appropriate and targeted training and intervention, especially when LLM-powered tools are used in professional communication training programs.

The RDA for dietary protein is likely to be insufficient for individuals with cystic fibrosis (CF), whereas a higher daily intake of ≥1.2g·kg−1·day−1 may be more appropriate in view of the increased risk of sarcopenia and reduced muscle quality. This study sought to characterise protein intake and diet quality in adults with cystic fibrosis (awCF), before and after elexacaftor/tezacaftor/ivacaftor (ETI) therapy, compared to healthy controls. Dietary intake was assessed by diet diary in awCF at baseline (BL, n=40) and at follow-up >3 months post ETI therapy (FUP, n=40), and in age-matched healthy controls (CON, n=80) free from known disease at a single time point. Protein intake dose and daily distribution, protein quality, protein source and overall diet quality was calculated for each participant. Both CON (1.39±0.47g·kg-1·day-1) and CF (BL: 1.44±0.52g·kg-1·day-1, FUP: 1.12±0.32g·kg-1·day-1) had a higher mean daily protein intake than the protein RDA of 0.75g·kg-1·day-1. There was a significant reduction in daily protein intake in the CF group at FUP (P=0.0003, d=0.73), with levels below the alternative suggested dietary intake of ≥1.2g·kg−1·day−1. There were no sex differences or noticeable effects on protein quality or source following the commencement of ETI therapy when compared to CON (all P>0.05), although overall diet quality decreased between time points (P=0.027, d=0.57). The observed reduction in daily protein intake in the present cohort emphasises the importance of ensuring appropriate dietary protein intake to promote healthy ageing in adults with CF. More research is needed to evidence base dietary protein requirements in this at-risk population.

Conceptual innovation is highly prized in Western Anglophone philosophy. Yet it often stems from a relatively narrow tradition that takes little account of contributions from other cultures and philosophical practices. We illustrate this point using the example of work done by Dalit feminists on identifying and addressing hermeneutical injustice. Despite their relevance, Dalit feminist contributions are virtually unknown and remain unrecognized in Anglophone philosophical discussions of hermeneutical injustice. This article aims to investigate the reasons for this neglect. One potential reason is the generally low status accorded to experiential knowledge in epistemology, which is pivotal to Dalit feminist accounts. Another reason concerns systematic bias against non-Western philosophy, which may reflect prejudicial stereotypes and the privileging of existing disciplinary norms. We argue that these reasons may explain the exclusion of Dalit feminists’ scholarship. In light of this, we offer two modest suggestions. First, philosophers should cultivate greater openness to citing texts by non-philosophers where these texts are relevant to the topic at hand. Second, we argue that a more embedded and extensive practice of cross-cultural philosophy or comparative philosophy is needed. These two suggestions may reduce neglect of philosophically rich traditions such as Dalit feminism.

Recommendations for immunisation practices in children with single ventricle CHD are lacking. A survey of 53 heart centres received responses from 40 centres (33 complete and 7 partial) revealing variability in immunisation recommendations. Only 11% have a written protocol. Immunisations were delayed before cardiopulmonary bypass in 94% (32/34) and after cardiopulmonary bypass in 97% (30/31), with 34% (13/38) re-dosing some immunisations post cardiopulmonary bypass. Further research is needed to develop guidelines.

Diet quality has been linked to socioeconomic status. However, evidence within rural and regional populations is lacking. This cross-sectional study examined the relationship between diet quality and socioeconomic position in adults living in rural and regional areas of Australia. The Australian Recommended Food Score (ARFS; range 0-73) measured diet quality (total and subscale scores). Area-level socioeconomic position was determined by postcode-linked Socio-Economic Index for Areas (SEIFA), Index of Relative Social Advantage and Disadvantage (IRSAD) scores, stratified into quintiles. The mean total ARFS (34.7; SD=9.1; n=836) was classified as “getting there”. Findings showed significantly lower mean total ARFS between SEIFA quintile 1 (1= lowest; mean total ARFS = 30.4; SD=10.2; categorised as ‘needs work’) compared to all other SEIFA quintiles (F (44,831) = 8.44, p = < 0.001). Linear regression, adjusting for age, sex, income, education, employment status, and household composition demonstrated significantly lower overall diet quality for SEIFA quintile 1 compared to SEIFA quintile 3 (B=-3.9; 95%CI [-6.2, -1.5]; p<0.001), and lower subscale scores for vegetables (B=-1.6; 95%CI [-2.7, -0.6]; p=0.003), fruit (B=-0.9; 95%CI [-1.6, -0.1]; p=0.018), and grains (B=-0.6; 95%CI [-1.3, -0.0]; p=0.050). After adjusting for individual confounders of diet quality, results indicate that lower area-level socioeconomic position remained associated with poorer diet quality in this sample of rural and regional Australian adults. This suggests that broader social and environmental factors unique to these areas may impact diet quality and amplify individual barriers to achieving a healthy diet.

The resilience of international supply chains is increasingly becoming a policy objective within international trade law making. Unilaterally, States have resorted to a myriad of trade tools to achieve this objective, including subsidizing domestic industries, facilitating critical minerals, and imposing tariffs on dominant supplying States to encourage supply diversification. In this context, the Indo-Pacific Economic Framework for Prosperity Supply Chain Agreement is the first major international trade agreement primarily aimed at achieving regional supply chain resilience. This Research Note explores the WTO compatibility of the economic interventions that underpin the Supply Chain Agreement’s ‘managed trade’ approach to supply chain resilience. First, it outlines the firm-centred governance approach that is central to supply chain management under the Supply Chain Agreement. Second, it explores the likely challenges and justifications of the envisaged interventions under GATT 1994 and Agreement on Safeguards. Finally, it reflects on the potential role of the WTO to shape cooperative supply chain governance interventions.