The prehistoric human habitation of the Tibetan Plateau (TP) is well evidenced by the archaeological record, but poorly constrained in time and space. To test the plausibility of in situ survival during the last glacial maximum (LGM) and the coldest periods of the Pleistocene, this paper gauges the effects of LGM conditions and varying local ice coverage on the climate. Three different climate model scenarios are generated, and their outputs are used to drive vegetation simulations. This allows us to evaluate 10 archaeological sites that show evidence of human activity either pre- or post-LGM as possible human refugia. The results show that the higher the level of ice coverage on the plateau, the colder and drier the climate becomes, and barren unproductive land extends farther south. However, there are sites that remain habitable in all scenarios, with the southern and northeastern plateau identified as the areas with the highest likelihood of refugia during the LGM, specifically at the locations of Baishiya Karst Cave and Siling Co. There is a high probability of the TP being habitable during the LGM, as even the scenario with the most ice yields some regions with favourable conditions that are within the habitability criteria.

Between 1980 and 2020, more than 120 countries—Canada included—enfranchised emigrants. While the diffusion of democratic practices is a well-established international phenomenon, we know little about the domestic process. How does international policy diffusion influence domestic debate? To explain the structure of Canadian debate about emigrant voting rights, we draw on concepts from the constructivist literature on international norms. In examining the structure of normative discourse within a domestic context, we argue that emulation involves three rhetorical elements that can generate disagreement: (1) setting peer countries to emulate; (2) identifying existing policy positions; and (3) envisioning the preferred policy position vis-à-vis peers. We find that in the Canadian debate about emigrant voting, contestation increased over time; where only peer groups were contested in the early debates leading up to the initial 1993 enfranchisement, all three elements were contested when discussing the removal of temporal restrictions two decades later.

Cheese-whey is a valuable byproduct of the dairy industry, rich in various nutritional components such as minerals, lactose, and proteins. Whey proteins, often used in concentrate form, are widely applied in the food industry due to their diverse chemical, physical, and techno-functional properties. This study aimed to investigate the physicochemical composition and biochemical characteristics of camel and bovine whey after partial demineralization at a laboratory scale. Camel whey exhibited lower pH values compared to bovine whey, while showing comparable levels of total solids, ash, and lactose, but significantly higher protein content. Analysis of both types of whey, before and after dialysis filtration, demonstrated partial demineralization, a significant reduction in lactose content, and a decrease in β-lactoglobulin levels in bovine whey. These findings suggest that demineralized camel and bovine whey hold significant potential for applications in the agricultural and food industries.

Bringing one’s authentic self to work is important to employees’ psychological well-being and performance. Although literature has examined how organizational factors influence authentic self-expression, it has largely overlooked the role of leaders. Drawing from leadership research, this study investigates the impact of perceived leader concern on authentic self-expression and its downstream effects on job attitudes. Findings provide empirical support for our predictions. Specifically, perceived leader concern is positively associated with authentic self-expression, which in turn relates positively to perceived self-concept-job fit. Regarding downstream outcomes, self-concept-job fit is positively related to organizational commitment and negatively to turnover intentions. Serial mediation analyses show that leader concern indirectly affects commitment and turnover intentions through authentic self-expression and self-concept-job fit. These findings highlight that leaders who show genuine concern foster open communication and authentic self-expression, enhancing alignment between identity and work, thereby strengthening commitment and reducing turnover. Implications for practice and future research are discussed.

While the impact of the two world wars and other inter-state conflicts on the history of humanitarianism has been a major area of research for some time now, comparatively little work has been done on the question of how internal wars impacted on the ways in which transnational actors and institutions approached the issue of offering relief to populations caught up in armed conflicts. Through seven articles and a thematic introduction, this collection covers conflicts that occurred in the years 1917–1949 when Europe experienced a remarkable spike in civil war violence, from Russia to Spain, and from Ireland to Greece. Collectively, these articles offer a fresh analysis of the connections between civil wars and the evolution of modern humanitarianism during Europe’s mid-twentieth-century crisis, highlighting transnational connections between humanitarian practices and actors across several conflicts.

Panpsychists commonly hang onto the ‘realist’ assumption that our world with its structures has an observer-independent, often spatial element to it, even while they claim that those structures are realized by the experiences of subjects. I argue that this assumption is the ‘worm in the apple’ that lurks behind two of panpsychism’s major problems: the subject (de)combination problem and what I call the ‘inner-outer gap problem’. Abandoning this assumption sidesteps those problems, but commits panpsychism to anti-realism.

Practice-based approaches to philosophy of mathematics have gone mainstream over the past several decades. As the paradigm has grown in popularity, however, there’s been little sustained meditation—and still less any explicit consensus—on what precisely it means for philosophy to take practice seriously. The field’s lack of a clear common methodology has begun to make itself felt in slowed and uncertain progress on core problems. Here I review the methodological situation and propose five canons to guide future research. I focus throughout on the study of explanation in mathematics as a guiding example.

In China’s pastoral regions, both formal and informal rules are embedded in society and are continually negotiated and reassembled according to social, cultural and political contexts. In particular, the de facto rules governing rangeland use and access are much more intricate and dynamic than de jure property rights as set forth by statutory law. Through the lens of legal pluralism, this article examines the multiplicity of customary practices in Saga, a pastoral village in Amdo Tibet, where pastoralists develop rangeland practices in multiple contexts to manoeuvre in their struggle for inclusion in wealth building and the right to access rangeland and natural resources. Through three cases of customary practices – grazing bans, pasture patrols and communal summer grazing – this research demonstrates how pastoralists interpret and tailor rangeland governance to meet their expectations. A plural context-based hybrid rangeland governance is visible in Saga, where in response to changing de jure rules, de facto rules are deeply rooted in social, cultural and emotional dimensions. Rather than becoming fixed, de facto rules and practices are always evolving in response to the local context where multiple types of de jure rules apply.

We examine the construction of a pan-European economic space from the perspective of the activities of the Liaison Committee of the International Chamber of Commerce with the Chambers of Commerce of the Socialist Countries. We make three important contributions. First, we show that the Cold War does not mark the end of economic exchanges between Eastern and Western Europe but is part of a longer history in which Eastern Europe was an economic periphery of Western Europe. Second, we emphasise that some Eastern European actors from Czechoslovakia and Hungary used the Committee to develop their contacts with the West and gain some independence vis-à-vis the Soviet Union. Western European businessmen also sought to expand their sphere of influence in Eastern Europe, to the detriment of their American competitors. Third, we highlight the complex relationship between states and business in both blocs and the porosity between ‘political’ and ‘economic’ issues during the Cold War.

Cette note de recherche examine le nationalisme identitaire de la Coalition Avenir Québec (CAQ) depuis son arrivée au pouvoir, à travers une analyse qualitative des débats parlementaires à l’Assemblée nationale du Québec (2018–2023). En s’appuyant sur les discours des élus caquistes, elle explore comment la CAQ définit et met en oeuvre son nationalisme identitaire, caractérisé par un interventionnisme fort en matière d’immigration, de laïcité et de protection de la langue française. Il s’agit de montrer que, face à une réforme du fédéralisme bloquée et au refus de la souveraineté à deux reprises par la population, la CAQ substitue aux aspirations déchues de souveraineté du Québec et aux tentatives de réforme de la fédération une affirmation franche des « frontières imaginées » de la nation québécoise, c’est-à-dire des marqueurs qui définiraient « un vrai Québécois ». Grâce à un large corpus de débats parlementaires et à un codage thématique qualitatif, l’analyse met en évidence l’ubiquité du discours identitaire dans l’action gouvernementale de la CAQ. Enfin, cette note de recherche souligne le potentiel heuristique de l’analyse des discours parlementaires pour mieux comprendre les transformations contemporaines du nationalisme québécois.

Venous thrombosis in the Fontan circulation can be a devastating complication, and its management has traditionally been surgical. Here, we present two cases of extensive Fontan thrombosis that have both been successfully medically managed, with survival beyond two years.

Given the tropicalization of a complex subvariety of the torus, we define a morphism between the tropical cohomology and the rational cohomology of their respective tropical compactifications. We say that the subvariety of the torus is cohomologically tropical if this map is an isomorphism for all closed strata of the tropical compactification.

We prove that a schön subvariety of the torus is cohomologically tropical if and only if it is wunderschön and its tropicalization is a tropical homology manifold. The former property means that the open strata in the boundary of a tropical compactification are all connected and the mixed Hodge structures on their cohomology are pure of maximum possible weight; the latter property requires that, locally, the tropicalization verifies tropical Poincaré duality.

We study other properties of cohomologically tropical and wunderschön varieties, and show that in a semistable degeneration to an arrangement of cohomologically tropical varieties, the Hodge numbers of the smooth fibers are captured in the tropical cohomology of the tropicalization. This extends the results of Itenberg, Katzarkov, Mikhalkin and Zharkov.