Autonomous manoeuvre decision-making is essential for enhancing the survivability and operational effectiveness of unmanned aerial vehicles in high-risk and dynamic air combat scenarios. To address the limitations of traditional air combat decision-making methods in dealing with complex and rapidly changing environments, this paper proposes an autonomous air combat decision-making algorithm based on hybrid temporal difference error-reward prioritised experience replay with twin delayed deep deterministic policy gradient. This algorithm constructs a closed-loop learning system from environmental interaction to policy optimisation, addressing the key challenges of slow convergence and insufficient identification of critical tactical decisions in autonomous air combat. A hybrid priority metric leveraging reward backpropagation and temporal difference error filter is introduced to optimise the learning of high-value experiences while balancing sample diversity and the reuse of critical experiences. To reduce excessive trial and error in the initial phase, an integrated reward function combining task rewards and auxiliary guidance rewards is designed using the reward reshaping method to guide the agent on how to choose a manoeuvre strategy. Based on the established three-dimensional close-range air combat game model, simulation validations were conducted for both basic manoeuvre and expert system engagements. The results demonstrate that the proposed autonomous air combat manoeuvre decision-making algorithm exhibits higher learning efficiency and convergence stability. It can rapidly identify high-value manoeuvres and effectively formulate rational yet superior tactical strategies in the face of complex battlefield scenarios, demonstrating obvious benefits in enhancing combat effectiveness and tactical adaptability.

The classical account of administrative law, which holds that unlawful administrative acts are void ab initio and that judicial review remedies such as quashing orders are merely declaratory of such acts’ legal status, appears to be placed in doubt by a range of recent legislative developments, judicial pronouncements and academic commentary. However, the classical account is not only capable of withstanding those apparent challenges: it is constitutionally imperative if collateral challenge is to be maintained and the rule of law thereby upheld.

Trade concerns at World Trade Organization (WTO) Committees and Councils show the WTO’s involvement in addressing digital trade beyond treaty-making and dispute settlement cases. Observations from a database analysing relevant concerns foremost raised at the Committee on Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) show an increasingly significant occurrence of trade concerns not corresponding to the idea of them being a vehicle for tension-defusing dialogue. Two relevant observations are the prominence among involved WTO members of China, the European Union, and the United States of America, and the contentiousness of raised issues, such as cybersecurity or artificial intelligence. Those observations highlight that concerns voiced about digital trade in technical WTO bodies, such as the TBT Committee, also are vehicles of members’ political commitment and confrontation. The article concludes by putting these findings in the perspective of the contribution that WTO bodies, like the TBT Committee, can make to address digital trade.

This article examines Taiwan’s approach of using government-issued contractual templates to regulate unfair terms in standard forms for consumer transactions. This article studies user agreements from a sample of two different types of electronic payment service providers (PSPs) in Taiwan, one operating under a more stringent regulatory framework and the other subject to lighter regulation. This article finds that PSPs largely adhere to the templates even when they are not obliged to do so, indicating the effectiveness of the template approach for PSPs. However, PSPs often adopt or adapt template terms in ways that maximise flexibility. This is in line with the behavioural assumption that businesses modify template terms that do not meet their business interests. Moreover, where government-issued templates are widely adopted by firms in an industry, templates begin to function like regulatory rules. In these cases, greater transparency in the creation of contractual templates is required to legitimise their role in regulating unfair terms in consumer contracts.

This article discusses the changing tourist gaze on Amsterdam between the end of the nineteenth century and the middle of the twentieth century. Based on travel guidebooks, the article analyses the increasing appreciation of buildings through time as a result of the growth and spread of architectural knowledge. Two different types of architecture are analysed: historic buildings, such as seventeenth-century canal houses and former harbour districts (in this period framed as ‘heritage’), as well as new architecture: the social housing projects and public buildings that were built between the 1920s and 1940s. By examining how architectural narratives were conveyed by guidebook writers, as well as following the path of knowledge transfer from the architectural profession towards the guidebook industry, this article offers an overview of the mechanisms behind architectural storytelling which enriches the understanding of sightseeing processes.

Let $S_g$ denote the genus g closed orientable surface. A coherent filling pair of simple closed curves, $(\alpha,\beta)$ in $S_g$, is a filling pair that has its geometric intersection number equal to the absolute value of its algebraic intersection number. A minimally intersecting filling pair, $(\alpha,\beta)$ in $S_g$, is one whose intersection number is the minimal among all filling pairs of $S_g$. In this paper, we give a simple geometric procedure for constructing minimally intersecting coherent filling pairs on $S_g, \ g \geq 3,$ from the starting point of a coherent filling pair of curves on a torus. Coherent filling pairs have a natural correspondence to square-tiled surfaces, or origamis, and we discuss the origami obtained from the construction.

Obsessive–compulsive symptoms (OCS) and obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) are commonly observed to be associated with clozapine, but are often underdiagnosed in clinical practice. This can have a negative impact on a patient’s quality of life and prognosis. This article provides a brief guide for clinicians on managing clozapine-associated OCD/OCS to optimise patient care.

We introduce the $\ell ^1$-ideal intersection property for crossed product ${\mathrm {C}}^*$-algebras. It is implied by ${\mathrm {C}}^*$-simplicity as well as ${\mathrm {C}}^*$-uniqueness. We show that topological dynamical systems of arbitrary lattices in connected Lie groups, arbitrary linear groups over the integers in a number field and arbitrary virtually polycyclic groups have the $\ell ^1$-ideal intersection property. On the way, we extend previous results on ${\mathrm {C}}^*$-uniqueness of -groupoid algebras to the general twisted setting.