The chapter will help you to be able to describe computerised CBT and its evidence base to date and weigh up the benefits and costs of computerised CBT to both the provider and client

All species on Earth share common ancestry – we are all part of the same family tree. The tree of life is a representation of how all those species are related to one another. All living species on Earth are the product of billions of years of evolution, so all are evolutionary equals in that way. However, we tend to think of life in a hierarchical way. We think there are lower animals and higher animals. We may incorrectly think that species of bacteria are old and primitive, and that humans are recent and advanced. Many news articles about evolution can feed into the perceptions that some species are younger, more advanced, or more evolved. But all of those perceptions are misleading. Each of these present-day species are our evolutionary cousins. All species alive today are the product of the same 3.5 billion years of evolutionary change, each adapting to their own environment. (Note that species are the units of evolution, frequently defined based on the distinctiveness of their appearance and genetics, and often on their ability to interbreed and produce fertile offspring.)

Chapter 55 covers the topic of forensic psychiatry. Through a short answer question format with topical MCQs for consolidation of learning, readers are brought through the more common aspects of forensic psychiatry. Topics covered include the roles of a forensic psychiatrist, typical preamble given prior to the start of a forensic psychaitry consult, expert witness role, fitness to plead, asssessment for criminal responsbilty, the associatiation between mental disorders and crimes and medical malpractice.

Question 1: The following are signs and symptoms of acute phencyclidine intoxication, EXCEPT?

The remarkable take-up of the violin and the coalescence of a culture of learning and playing stringed instruments in the classical tradition, 1870–1930, had structural and democratizing effects on how British musical life developed. Expanding numbers of competent players increased the size and depth of the music profession and contributed to the growth of opportunities for audiences to hear live music, often well beyond the concert hall. The interrelated expansion of teacher numbers generated new generations of learners who would treat music as a leisure pursuit and whose critical mass prompted the foundation of many amateur symphony orchestras and often sustained amateur choral performances nationwide. Alongside came a significant revolution in string playing’s social demography. Whereas in 1870 string playing was the occupation or pastime of men, by the early twentieth century women had broken firmly into these arenas and were obtaining work in many (though not all) areas of the music profession. Cross-class, multigenerational learning contributed to the sea change, especially in the wave of working-class adults and children who found affordable group string instruction at local educational institutes or in elementary schools.

In her chapter, Elizabeth Crooke examines the work of nineteenth-century antiquarian scholar George Petrie and the poet and archivist Samuel Ferguson, who were vital to the formation of a modern revivalist movement. The accumulation of knowledge about the Irish past is a condition of freedom, for it stands as a bulwark against false and degrading historical representations and frees Irish institutions to use the recovery of cultural artifacts to support the process of national Bildung. Museums connect the past, through present cultural activity, to the realization of Ireland’s national future. This connection motivates the early designers of museums and other cultural institutions charged with preserving cultural artifacts to regard authenticity as a quality of cultural objects, an aura that transcends historical conditions. During the Decade of Centenaries (2012–2022), Petrie and Ferguson became themselves a part of Ireland’s future in the form of commemorations, the visible signs of institutional memory.

Question 1: Ryan is a six-year-old boy who was brought to the clinic after his teachers were concerned he had features of autism. He was noted to have poor eye contact, poor social interactions with his peers and repetition of phrases, such as ‘bang bang bang’ .

Giulia Bruna, in her chapter, offers a comparative framework for discussing the different strategies of J. M. Synge and Emily Lawless for achieving an authentic representation of the otherworldly geography of the Aran Islands, which was so much a part of the folklore of the region. Synge’s The Aran Islands, often treated as a spiritual autobiography, offers a way of reading the West of Ireland that complicates our understanding of authentic Irishness. While he derives a sense of authenticity through largely documentary and ethnographic rather than fictional means, Lawless, in Grania, captures an authentic sense of rural Ireland through the formal arrangements of the novel. Bruna is concerned with identifying, in Synge’s and Lawless’s work, modes of plural and dialogic authenticity that recognizes the “parasitic” relation of culture to nature. Bruna concludes that their versions of authenticity, though different in methodology, serve the same revivalist purpose of shaping Irish cultures for future generations.

Evolution has produced roughly 2.5 million described extant species, and likely at least 5–10 million more undescribed species. The tree of life conceptually unites all the species and lineages of life on Earth as explored in this book. Our species is just the tip of one tiny branch on the vast tree of life (Figure C.1). We do not stand out “above” other lineages; we are not “evolutionarily superior” to other organisms. Each leaf at the tips of the branches of the tree of life represents evolutionary success. Each extant species on the tree of life has evolved to be well suited to its environment, to its own ecological niche. Furthermore, all life is dependent on other life. That is because we have all coevolved with one another. We are dependent on our cousins, and given our ability to impact so much of the environment, they are dependent on us.

The chapter connects the histories of risk, insurance, and modern government. It provides the scaffolding for examining the political implications of new risks and mounting sources of uncertainty that override established boundaries. It focuses on relatively simple risks that private markets can readily manage with straightforward commercial techniques. Past experience provides a basis for probabilistic risk assessments, setting reasonable prices for coverage, as well as for successful risk pooling and diversification. The cross-border expansion of insurance and reinsurance markets is introduced as a response to relatively straightforward risks and the scale economies available to be harnessed from their effective management.

This chapter argues that literature and art is not a body of artefacts, but a unique human action that brings artworks into being. It therefore shifts the theoretical focus from the artwork/ literary text per se to the action-process which produces it, and aims to develop a novel theory of the essence of literature and art which places the mind of the writer/artist at the centre of attention. Focusing on the mind-internal activities that bring about artistic behaviour, it suggests that art involves a distinct type of mental state/ process which I term an artistic thought state/ process (ATSP). ATSPs are psychologically real entities. They are the minimal components of the universal cognitive engineering of literature and art, resulting in one of the most successful and enduring types of human public cultural representations. The claim that ATSPs result from special evolutionary adaptations points to one of the strongest versions of cognitivism available in existing literary and art studies. ATSPs are relevance-yielding, which makes a dialogue with relevance theory integral to comprehending the cognitive engineering of literature and art. The chapter has implications for a range of disciplines, including linguistics, psychology, neuroscience, anthropology, cognitive cultural studies and philosophy of action.

Commercially run grade examinations and competitive music festivals, which tested learners’ attainment, were central to the consolidation of violin culture across Britain. Chapter 3 analyzes the string exams operated by three institutions, each of which targeted different socioeconomic groups. Bringing the College of Violinists – the first exam board to offer elementary string exams and the only one to guarantee string players would be assessed by specialists– into dialog with the more often discussed ABRSM and Society of Arts, the discussion evaluates exam requirements, candidate numbers, and success rates. At root, exams were tools for motivating students and supporting and shaping learning. Regional competition festivals offered additional opportunities for more advanced pupils’ performance to be assessed (in a public hall, as opposed to a private exam room) and, along with the exam boards, they contributed to the informal standardization of core repertoire. The chapter also surveys instructional materials, some of which were responses to the exam culture, and weighs students’ experiences of learning.

Genevieve Lakier (University of Chicago Law) examines Upsolve v. James, where a district court enjoined the application of New York state’s unauthorized practice of law statutes to the Justice Advocates that the nonprofit organization, Upsolve, planned to train, to assist low-income New Yorkers file for bankruptcy. The opinion represents a clear victory for the access-to-justice movement. But it also represents a potentially significant change in how courts understand the First Amendment to apply in unauthorized-practice-of-law cases. Although the decision may be overturned on appeal, the logic of the opinion thus makes clear the promise that what critics have sometimes described as a “Lochnerized” First Amendment holds out to access-to-justice advocates, as well as some of its perils. In this chapter, Lakier explains why the decision is significant, embeds it within a broader story of doctrinal transformation, and spells out some of the benefits and costs of using a Lochner-like First Amendment to promote access to justice.