The Tusculan Disputations can be read as a complex of four projects: (1) a set of formal exercises in the schola genre; (2) a therapeutic operation directed against the emotions, and fear in particular, with an agonistic relation to Epicurean predecessors; (3) a project of edification, aiming to reinforce the reader’s commitment to virtue; and (4) an exhibition or advertisement of the powers of philosophy and its advantages to Rome. Together, these dimensions of the Tusculans explain the peculiarities of its argumentation and literary approach. It is plausibly the aspiration to advertise philosophy to Rome (4) which is most fundamental: therapy (2) and edification (3) are projects in which philosophy can usefully display its powers, and the schola form (1) is convenient for doing so. These projects are to be distinguished from that of philosophical inquiry; the Tusculans is informed more by Cicero’s patriotic pragmatism than by his scepticism.

Mumtaz Shaikh, an activist of the BMMA, conducted a range of workshops and training sessions with other working-class Muslim women in her neighbourhood. In these sessions, she spoke about the difficulties that Muslim women faced when they approached the police for redressal of grievances such as domestic violence. In her discussion of these difficulties, she invoked the rights (huq) of Muslim women in terms of the rights of a collective, communal entity. For Shaikh, rights became meaningful in these moments of collective communal mobilisation for rights.

In a similar training session, Noorjehan Safia Niaz, a founder member of the BMMA, spoke of the right to religious freedom for Muslim women. She construed the right as the freedom that allowed women to carry out the duty towards individual and collective self-improvement. The right to religious freedom was exercised through political action. Activists understood the right as the right to collectively challenge and reconstitute religious authority in spaces of adjudication of Muslim law on marriage, divorce and maintenance. This was not merely a form of individual freedom that enabled women's autonomy. Collective organising to challenge religious authority in communities was considered a pious obligation and a duty for women who wanted to construct a more just world in accordance with the principles of the Quran. In the activism of the BMMA, an ethic of duty reconstituted liberal freedoms such as the right to religious freedoms in moments of negotiation with Muslim family law and minority rights.

This chapter builds on participant observation in the workshops on the Quran and the Constitution conducted by members of the BMMA. It traces how discourses on marriage and divorce rights within the framework of Muslim Personal Law interact with the fundamental rights guaranteed by the Indian Constitution, especially the right to religious freedom and how transnational ideas of Islamic feminist ethics shape these interactions.

Belsky noted that for evolutionary-biological reasons, development may not follow a cumulative risk model. He theorized that ‘vulnerable’ children might actually be susceptible to environmental influences for better and for worse. Moreover, he argued that variation in susceptibility within the family would be evolutionarily advantageous for both parents and children. Stimulated by Belsky’s provocative thinking, and relying on randomized controlled trials that constitute the most stringent and powerful tests of the paradigm, we found meta-analytic support for (genetic) differential susceptibility. Examining the bold idea of within-family differential susceptibility, we included twins in our cohort-sequential randomized controlled trial and designed a series of experiments on mice. One of our mice studies revealed the expected crossover interaction. Heterozygous DRD4 mice who had grown up in an enriched environment licked and groomed their own offspring the most, while those who grew up in adverse circumstances showed the least licking and grooming. In humans, our experimental search for within-family differential susceptibility has not yet supported this bold conjecture. An explanation might be that the available polygenic scores for susceptibility were developed in the context of internalizing, not externalizing, problems. Susceptibility to environmental influences may be more domain specific (Belsky et al., 2022) than we originally thought.

The concluding chapter considers the challenge of reconstituting political authority at the level required to manage complex global risks over long time horizons, to mitigate the chance of systemic disasters, and to prepare for emergencies. It confronts the need to come to grips with related moral hazards in both public and private sectors. The unavoidable task now facing humanity recalls earlier historical episodes when the scale of governments had to adapt to the changing dimensions of risk facing dynamic societies. Stepping back from utopian dreams of world government, the cases covered in the book suggest the wisdom of pragmatic multi-level experimentation informed by insurance practices and metaphors. This kind of incremental innovation has long been evident in functioning confederal and federal political systems. Given the federalizing logic of insurance that has shifted the contours of markets and many polities ever outward, the narratives at the heart of this book justify hopes for limited but effective collaborative government at world scale in the foreseeable future.

At about the same time Marius defeated the Libyan kings Bocchos [I] and Jugurtha in a great engagement, and killed myriads of Libyans, and later took Jugurtha prisoner, who had been captured by Bocchos and was thus pardoned by the Romans for what had brought him into the war.1 Moreover, the Romans, at war with the Kimbrians, were stumbling greatly in Galatia and were exceedingly demoralized.2 Also, at about the same time, certain people came from Sicily and reported an uprising of slaves numbering tens of thousands. When this was announced, all of Rome found itself in a continual crisis, since about 60,000 soldiers had died in the Galatian war against the Kimbrians, and there was a lack of chosen troops to send out.

This chapter contends that colonial-era rules permeated EEC development cooperation through the European Development Fund. But more importantly, it shows that with personnel transitions from colonial to European administrations, a colonial attitude towards legal compliance was transferred within the European Commission.

Chapter 38 covers the topic of insomnia disorder. Through a case vignette with topical MCQs for consolidation of learning, readers are brought through from first presentation to treatment of insomnia disorder. Topics covered include diagnosis, differential diagnoses, sleep hygiene advice, non-pharmacological treatment and pharmacological treatment.

In the early twenty-first century, New York and other cities established targets to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions to help limit global climate change. Limiting these emissions is not an obvious task for local governments: no city’s efforts will materially affect planetary temperatures, and curtailing these emissions imposes costs on local actors mainly for the benefit of the world as a whole. Between 2007, when the city set its first GHG reduction target, and 2019, the city’s emission reduction efforts were consistent with the preoccupation of local elites with economic growth. The city did not impose costly requirements on local actors to reduce their emissions, and the city did not achieve significant emission reductions. However, in 2019, the city government passed a local law that establishes declining caps on greenhouse gas emissions from buildings, and portends real costs on private actors – including the owners of residential real estate – if the city enforces the law. This 2019 law emerged from the efforts of city insiders, and local progressive interest groups motivated by environmental, social justice and labor concerns in the first Trump presidency. The history of the city’s efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions illustrates the precarious politics of local decarbonization efforts.

Chapter 46 covers the topic of fetishistic and transvestic disorders. Through a case vignette with topical MCQs for consolidation of learning, readers are brought through the management of patients with fetishistic or transvestic disorders from first presentation to subsequent complications of the conditions and its treatment. Topics covered include diagnosis, differentials, pathology, co-morbidities, management.

CBT is an effective treatment approach for common mental health problems but is not routinely available at the levels required to support everyone. England’s National Health Service Talking Therapies for Anxiety and Depression (NHSTT – previously IAPT) programme is an attempt at rectifying this issue, arguing that the economic benefits of providing widescale therapy outweighs the cost. A key part of this concept is the stepped care model, where patients are offered the least burdensome (and cheapest) effective treatments first, to maximise how many people can be helped by each therapist. This chapter will review the rationale for NHSTT and its progress to date, as well as exploring the future of programmes such as NHSTT, both in its country of origin and worldwide.

Epikouros the philosopher said in his treatise Principal Doctrines that the just life is calm but the unjust is mostly full of disturbance.1 Thus in a short statement he completely encompassed true wisdom, which, on the whole, has the power to correct the evil in men. Injustice, being the mother city of evils,2 causes the greatest misfortunes, not only for private citizens but collectively for peoples, populations, and kings.

Those in the Carthaginian army were Iberians,3 Kelts,4 Balearians,5 Libyans, Phoenicians,6 Ligystinians,7 and mixed Hellenic slaves.8

The chapter will help you to be able to explain the overarching purpose of any CBT treatment process, consider the rationale for having therapy goals, define the most important features of a good goal, collaboratively create a set of goals with individual patients, and determine the key targets of treatment from a therapist perspective.

Chapter 6 situates John Milton’s major works – Paradise Lost, Paradise Regained, and Samson Agonistes – in relation to abiding conflicts over fiscal policy prompted by the Civil War and its aftermath. Milton was actively critical of the Commonwealth’s management of fiscal policy and voiced his fear about the fiscal impact of a restored monarchy. Though fiscal concerns are largely occluded from his poetry, Milton’s depiction of war and its effects continues this critique by dramatizing the disastrous consequences of security imaginaries organized around the violently expansive accumulation of wealth. Milton’s metasecurity dilemma arises in his poetry as a question about how to value people and circumstances correctly, about the relevant criteria to use to orient oneself ethically and politically within catastrophic realities. His poems thus highlight Milton’s deep uncertainty about how to define safety or about what kinds of collective security might be possible in such a disoriented moment.

Humanity’s impact on the planet is undeniable. Fairly and effectively addressing environmental problems begins with understanding their causes and impacts. Is over-population the main driver of environmental degradation? Poverty? Capitalism? Poor governance? Imperialism? Patriarchy? Clearly these are not technical questions, but political ones.

Updated to cover new debates, data, and policy, and expanded to include chapters on colonialism, race and gender, and the impacts of energy and resource extraction, this book introduces students to diverse perspectives and helps them develop an informed understanding of why environmental problems occur.

How the international community should act is deeply contested. Guiding students through the potential responses, including multilateral diplomacy, transnational voluntary action, innovative financial mechanisms, problem displacement, consumer-focused campaigns, and resistance, this book explains the different forms of political action, their limitations and injustices.

Online resources include lecture slides, a test bank for instructors, updated weblinks to videos, and suggested readings for students.

Question 1: A 26-year-old model presents to your clinic with concerns that her nose has grown bigger and become unsightly. This concern began after she was involved in an accident and was hit on the nose three months ago. Despite consulting multiple doctors and being told that her nose is normal, she is only reassured temporarily before the concerns return. It distresses her and leads her to wear a mask to cover her face, affecting her work as a model. What is the diagnosis?