From Galileo, Darwin, to Belsky, the history of science is rife with examples of strong public opposition to new, revolutionary ideas, but not all new, revolutionary ideas attract similarly negative and strong reactions. The conclusion offers speculations about what such strong public oppositions to new scientific ideas might mean, and what they might tell us about the likely eventual success of such new scientific ideas. The conclusion proposes two universal laws of human behavior, which might explain why some scientific ideas and conclusions might elicit strong negative reactions.

Allison Hoffman (University of Pennsylvania Carey Law), an expert on health care regulation, focuses on tectonic changes to health care in recent decades. She offers a bracing account of these shifts, arguing that American doctors may have overreached in their efforts at influencing health care regulation. In so doing, physicians created profit pools that corporate interests proved all too adept at capturing, leaving doctors with lower professional status than they might have otherwise enjoyed. Hoffman suggests that lawyers, and legal reformers more generally, might learn from physicians’ cautionary tale of protectionism and profit.

Resilience is conceptualized as a dynamic developmental process encompassing the attainment of positive adaptation despite the exposure to or the experience of significant threat, severe adversity, or trauma that typically constitute major assaults on the processes underlying biological and psychological development (Luthar, Cicchetti & Becker, 2000; Masten & Cicchetti, 2016). The notion of an average expectable environment for promoting normal development connotes that there is a species-specific range of environmental conditions that elicit normal development in humans. Concerns about how childhood adversity impacts developmental processes and mechanisms have captured deep concerns in researchers in the fields of developmental and clinical psychology, developmental psychopathology, evolutionary psychology, molecular genetics, and neuroscience. Child maltreatment exemplifies a pathogenic relational environment that is far beyond the range of what is normally encountered and engenders substantial risk for maladaptation across domains of biological and psychological development. Child maltreatment is implicated in the disruption of multiple biological systems, including neuroendocrine and immunological functioning, neurobiology, and physical and mental health outcomes. Nonetheless, even though there is strong scientific evidence for maladaptation associated with maltreatment, the absence of an average expectable environment does not condemn maltreated children to negative developmental outcomes later in life. Resilience is possible across the life course.

The Carthaginians, by bringing Masanassa into the war, were believed to have terminated their treaty with the Romans. When they sent envoys, they were given the answer that they knew what must be done.1 The answer was obscure, which left the Carthaginians deeply disturbed.2

While local efforts to decarbonize will mainly benefit the world as a whole, local efforts to adapt to climate change will benefit mainly people in cities, who will be more resilient to the extreme heat, drought, flooding and fires that planetary warming is exacerbating. Reflecting the benefits to cities of adapting, cities began planning adaptation early in the twenty-first century. However, as of the early 2020s, US cities had undertaken little adaptation (as opposed to adaptation planning). From 2000 until 2012, when Superstorm Sandy struck the city, New York policymakers focused on gathering information about the risks that climate change presents for the city, but they undertook few tangible actions to protect the city against risks such as storm surge flooding. Sandy increased policymakers’ perception of the urgency of acting to adapt, and injected $15 billion of federal funding into the city that enabled it to invest in adaptation. Yet, between 2012 and the early 2020s, the city had great difficulty implementing adaptation actions. New York City’s top-down approach to climate change adaptation underscores the difficulties that cities face implementing the costly local public good of climate change adaptation without additional assistance from higher levels of government.

This chapter examines the treatment of organized migration in France following the signing of the Treaty of Rome. In the same way that workers of Algerian origin were denied the right to free movement as workers, workers from the former colonies of the French imperial space were subjected to treatment reflecting their former status as indigenous workers. One illustration is the case of the Chibani, a group of older North African workers hired by the thousands by the French national railway company (SNCF) in the three decades following the Second World War. Throughout their careers, these workers had an insecure status under which they were not entitled to the same treatment as their French counterparts. Key to their discriminatory treatment was the so-called nationality clause, designed to establish a national preference. By making workers’ enjoyment of basic social rights dependent on their nationality, this discriminatory system put in place by the SNCF with the active support of the French and Moroccan governments persisted even as the European Convention on Human Rights, the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the EU, and the Race Equality Directive entered into force in France.

Philip G. Peters, Jr. (University of Missouri Law) examines whether nurse practitioners (NPs) and physician assistants (PAs) offer a promising template for limited license legal professionals. He interrogates the rise of these professions in the medical field, asking, among other things: Do they deliver quality services despite training that is significantly shorter and less expensive than the training of physicians? Do they reduce consumer costs? And do they improve access to care for underserved populations? The chapter also outlines the strategic factors underlying the remarkable success that the NP and PA professions have had, at least until recently, in statehouses across the country and then notes the arguments being made now by physicians against freeing NPs and PAs from all physician oversight. The chapter ends by identifying key lessons from this history for those seeking to create new categories of limited license legal professionals.

The chapter will help you to be able to explain what major depressive disorder is, and how it can present, choose and use appropriate formulation models for CBT for depression, describe the importance of monitoring and scheduling activities in any treatment plan, and develop a treatment plan for CBT for depression, using appropriate measures

Question 1: Which of the following is NOT characteristic of antisocial personality disorder?

Chapter 35 covers the topic of suicide risk assessment. Through a case vignette with topical MCQs for consolidation of learning, readers are brought through the management of a patient with suicidal ideations from first presentation to its assessments and subsequent management. Things covered include the risk factors and protective factors in suicide risk assessment, differences between suicidal ideation, intent and plan, intepretation of deliberate self-harm in the context of a suicide risk assessment and use of legislature for mandatory medical detention and treatment of patients at high risk of suicide.

By examining the “push” and “pull” factors influencing the decision to move to The Villages and the residents’ perceptions of the community’s rapid growth, this chapter highlights the pros and cons of living in a city for older adults. Distinguishing between veterans and newcomers, permanent residents and snowbirds, and individuals from urban versus rural backgrounds, the chapter also suggests that, overall, the community’s size fosters a collective place identity and pride.

This chapter focuses on Cicero’s treatment of the emotions in Books 3 and 4, and more specifically on his account of the dispute between the Stoics and the Peripatetics. At first sight, the dispute seems uncomplicated: the Stoics advocate the complete absence of emotions whereas the Peripatetics hold that emotions should rather be moderated or controlled. But Cicero’s stress on the idea that emotions are beliefs seems to come at the expense of other central parts of the theory of emotions, most prominently the theory of action.  I argue that these features of his presentation serve him in securing a thesis that he is keen to defend in Book 5: that virtue guarantees happiness and that this happiness is invulnerable to the accidents of fortune.