This chapter develops the proper modally inflected understanding of the living animals on earth, which are the most plausible examples of entities that enjoy phenomenal consciousness, which is the first core feature of the MOUDD theory. It includes an introduction to the necessary rudiments of neurophysiology.

This chapter sketches the third key component of the MOUDD theory, a modal structuralist explanation of our experience of particular sensory qualia, by an initial focus on color experience. The actual modal structure of our neurophysiology of color vision explains the apparent modal structure of our color qualia.

According to Aristotle and Linnaeus, there were only two “kingdoms” – Plantae and Animalia. In the 1800s, Haeckel carved kingdom “Protista” off of Linnaeus’ Plantae. Kingdoms for Fungi and Bacteria (Monera) were later added. By the time I was in secondary school, I learned a five-kingdom system. The five “kingdoms” that I learned are still frequently used in biology lessons: animals, plants, fungi, protists, and bacteria. But we now know that a five-kingdom story is so simplified as to be misleading, and it tells us very little about the broad tree of life. Back then, in the 1900s, our limited understanding made things seem more simple, but recent DNA sequence data indicate that the groupings are much more complex.

The five-kingdom system was first proposed in 1969. (1) Animalia were multicellular creatures that eat other organisms. (2) Fungi were generally multicellular decomposers that fed by a network of filamentous cells. (3) Plantae included especially the land plants.

This chapter gives a critical exposition of Ockham’s innovations in the theory of the assertoric syllogism: his extensions of the class of syllogistic propositions to include singular propositions, propositions with a quantified predicate, tensed propositions and propositions in grammatical cases other than the nominative; his rules for the conversion of these propositions and for syllogisms containing them; his un-Aristotelian style of reducing syllogisms to the first figure by inference-to-inference transformations; and above all his use of supposition theory as a semantic base for this expanded syllogistic theory. His broadening of the scope of syllogistic theory resulted in abandoning several Aristotelian rules of the syllogism; it also resulted in a toleration of inferences containing redundant premises. The chapter provides proof-theoretic justifications for certain inferences that Ockham merely declared to be valid. It also argues that the originality of certain aspects of Ockham’s logic results from his philosophical nominalism.

Most American environmental law scholarship overlooks the role of cities in environmental law and policy. Instead, scholars typically focus on federal environmental law. This book emphasizes the potential for leading cities to play a meaningful role in protecting the environment. It offers a framework for understanding the factors that give to, and constrain, local environmental law and policy. Local environmental policy may emerge from the top from local elites centrally concerned with local economic development, and from the “bottom up” from community groups. However, there are limits on the costs that local governments can impose on local actors to address global environmental problems, such as limiting climate change, given the overriding importance that local governments attach to promoting economic development. The book offers case studies of local environmental efforts in New York City to illustrate the promise and limitations of local environmental policy. Taking into account the opportunities and constraints at the local level, the book outlines a high-level agenda of actions that local governments in large cities should undertake to adapt to climate change and contribute to decarbonization.

In chapter four, Sean Williams illustrates the creative potential of music and dance for the development of revivalism up to the present day. During the early years of the Revival, beginning in the 1890s, Irish dance and music were governed by strict ideas about form and performance promulgated by such groups as the Gaelic League. Music and dance, in different ways, underscore the difficulties of remaining connected to traditional standards while allowing the introduction of modern or non-Irish elements in singing style, dance steps, and instrumentation. At each stage of the development of cultural revivalism, cultural authenticity is vitally important. Despite apparent ruptures in the traditions of music and dance, both have flourished on a world stage with their “Irishness” intact. Because of the inclusion of non-Irish dance and vocal styles, a contemporary spectacle such as Riverdance, while quite different from traditional forms of dance, remain connected to broader revivalist concerns.

Question 1: Janish has been admitted for alcoholic pancreatitis. It has been four days since admission, and he has been complaining of little humans walking towards him from the nurse counter. The nurse calls you as she noted him to be uprolling his eyes and his limbs jerking. He was also noted to have tachycardia and labile blood pressure. What is your diagnosis?

In Tusculans 2 the interlocutors discuss the value of physical pain. They swiftly agree that it is not the greatest evil but take longer to consider whether it is bad or, as the Stoics think, merely indifferent. Enduring pain is taken to be an indication of courage and manliness (virtus) and this is undermined by the claim that physical pain is not bad. Therefore neither the Epicureans nor the Stoics provide a wholly satisfactory account of the value of physical pain and its relationship to virtue.

(1) Marcus Antonius made peace with the Cretans, which was observed for a while.1 Later they considered how best to structure matters for their own benefit, and the oldest and wisest advised that an embassy should be sent to Rome in order to defend themselves against the charges that had been made, and to attempt to propitiate the senate with reasonable words and petitions.2 Thus thirty of their most distinguished men were sent to Rome as envoys. They went around individually to the homes of the senators, and by putting forth every kind of vocal entreaty, they won over the leaders of the senate. (2) Then they were brought before the senate and made a sensible defense against the charges, recounting precisely their own services and alliance with the empire, calling upon them to consider these to merit their restoration to their previous favor and alliance.

Chapter 3 demonstrates the centrality of fiscal infrastructures to the action of Marlowe’s plays. His Tamburlaine plays, The Jew of Malta, and A Massacre at Paris all hinge on the agencies created by – and the violence associated with –wealth organized into treasuries. The protagonists of these plays – Tamburlaine, Barabas, and the Duke of Guise – draw attention to their own and others’ treasuries, and their stories underscore both the security and the volatility associated with treasuries in action. In each play, treasuries drive the action by creating security for some through extreme violence to others. For Marlowe, treasuries are central to his depiction of geopolitical existence. Fiscal realities, in turn, represent a primary formal mechanism impacting how Marlowe’s characters – and audiences – experience the antagonistic spaces of geopolitical existence. Marlowe’s awareness of the challenges of implementing sovereignty are thus central to his ongoing project of creating theatrical states of emergency.

This chapter applies the MOUDD theory of phenomenal consciousness to our experience of sounds, pains, smells, and tastes.

Chapter 18 covers the topic of acute stress disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder and adjustment disorder. Through a case vignette with topical MCQs for consolidation of learning, readers are brought through the diagnosis and treatment of a patient with acute stress disorder, post traumatic stress disorder and adjustment disorder. Topics covered include diagnosis and differential diagnoses of acute stress disorder, risk factors, management, prognosis, complications and childhood sexual abuse and its management.

Rebecca Aviel (Denver University (Sturm) Law) draws on her deep expertise in family law to illuminate ways in which domestic relations cases are exceptional relative to other legal areas where access concerns are acute. Family law’s exceptionalism, she contends, justifies thoroughgoing changes to that system’s adversarial architecture, such as permitting a single lawyer to represent both sides in a divorce, that are well-tailored to family law even if nonstarters in other parts of the civil justice system. Aviel also suggests that some innovative family law programs might travel well, informing reforms in other civil justice contexts even where they cannot be directly replicated.

Question 1: There are special scenarios where the physician must breach confidentiality to ensure the safety of threatened third parties. This duty to warn a potential victim of a patient is also known as?