The 16-item Everyday Colourism Scale (ECS; Craddock et al. 2023) assesses perceived experiences of subtle and more overt mistreatment and prejudice based on an individual’s skin shade. The ECS can be administered online and/or in-person to adults and is free to use in any setting. This chapter first discusses the development of the ECS and then provides evidence of its psychometrics. More specifically, the Everyday Colourism Scale has been found to have a 2-factor structure within exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. Internal consistency reliability, test-retest reliability, convergent validity, and incremental validity support the use of the ECS. This chapter also provides the ECS items in their entirety, instructions for administering the ECS to participants, the item response scale, and the scoring procedure. Logistics of use, such as permissions, copyright, and contact information, are provided for readers.

In this chapter we provide an introduction to psychiatric research in the perinatal period, a very crucial time for women’s mental health. We begin the chapter with an overview of perinatal psychiatry and the importance of conducting research in this field. We discuss some of the key considerations in determining the quality of information in published studies, with a focus on factors that may affect perinatal psychiatric research, and present examples of published research demonstrating these key considerations. We then give an overview of the challenges and opportunities for perinatal psychiatric research. Finally, we present some of the emerging topics in this field and provide the reader with online resources where they can find out more about perinatal psychiatric research.

The 13-item Body Acceptance by Others Scale-2 (Swami et al., 2021) is a measure of the degree to which an individual perceives that their body, and its physical characteristics are valued, respected, and unconditionally accepted by important others. The BAOS-2 can be administered online or in-person to adults and is free to use for non-commercial purposes. This chapter discusses the development of the original BAOS and the BAOS-2, before providing evidence of its psychometric properties. Specifically, scores on the BAOS-2 have been found to have a unidimensional factor structure through exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. Scores on the BAOS-2 are invariant across gender identity and evidence of adequate composite reliability and test-retest reliability, as well as convergent, criterion-related, discriminant, incremental, and predictive validity supports its use. Next, this chapter provides the BAOS-2 items in full, as well as instructions for administering the BAOS-2 to participants, the item response scale, and the scoring procedure. Known translations are described and logistics of use are provided for readers.

The 12-item Online Appearance-Relevant Peer Conversations Scale (OARPCS; Cai, Lam, Leong, & Jackson, 2020) assesses (1) physical appearance and (2) life stressors as foci of online peer communications. The OARPCS can be administered to adolescents and/or adults and is free to use in any setting. In this chapter, we first discuss the development of the OARPCS and then summarize evidence for its psychometrics. Specifically, the OARPCS has been found to have a two-factor structure within exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses that is invariant across samples of young women and men in China and Macau. As well, the OARPCS has internal consistency reliability, test-retest reliability, convergent validity, discriminant validity and predictive validity support. Subsequently, this chapter presents the OARPCS items in their entirety, instructions for its administration, the item response scale, and the scoring procedure. Finally, logistics of use, including permissions, copyright, and contact information, are provided for readers.

The 12-item Self-Objectification Scale-2 (SOQ-2; Vandenbosch & Eggermont, 2012; original SOQ; Noll & Fredrickson, 1998) assesses the extent to which individuals self-objectify or have internalized an observer’s perspective on themselves. The SOQ-2 can be administered online and in-person to adolescents and adults and is free to use in any setting. This chapter first discusses the development of the original SOQ (Noll & Fredrickson, 1998) and the SOQ-2, and then provides evidence of its psychometrics. More specifically, the SOQ-2 has been found to have a two-factor structure including a competence- and appearance-based factor, within exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses and is fully invariant across nations, languages, gender identities, and age groups. Internal consistency reliability, test-retest reliability, convergent validity, discriminant validity, and incremental validity support the use of the SOQ-2. Next, this chapter provides the SOQ-2 items in their entirety, instructions for administering the SOQ-2 to participants, the item response scale, and the scoring procedure. Translations are provided. Logistics of use, such as permissions, copyright, and contact information, are provided for readers.

The 19-item Body Image Concern Inventory (BICI; Littleton et al., 2005) is a brief self-report measure of dysmorphic appearance concern that assesses preoccupation with perceived appearance defect(s), checking, camouflaging, and reassurance seeking behavior related to one’s appearance defect(s), and social avoidance due to appearance concerns. The BICI can be administered online or in-person to adolescents and adults and is free to use in any setting. This chapter first discusses the development of the BICI and then provides evidence of its psychometrics. More specifically, the BICI has been found to either have a two-factor or three-factor correlated structure, depending on the nation/language in which it is administered. Internal consistency reliability, test-retest reliability, convergent, discriminant, and criterion validity support the use of the BICI. Additionally, the BICI has been found to have good to excellent sensitivity and reasonable to excellent specificity in classifying clinical versus subclinical levels of dysmorphic symptoms and/or disordered eating. Next, this chapter provides the BICI items in their entirety, instructions for administering the BICI to participants, the item response scale, and the scoring procedure. Information about an abbreviated version of the BICI and known translations are provided. Logistics of use, such as permissions, copyright, and contact information, are provided for readers.

The 7-item Dysmorphic Concern Questionnaire (DCQ; Oosthuizen et al., 1998) is designed to screen for, and quantify the degree of, dysmorphic concern in an individual. Dysmorphic concern describes an individual’s preoccupation with certain features of their physical appearance (e.g., hair, skin, nose, genitalia). Excessive levels may cause clinically significant distress and functional impairment, leaning to a diagnosis of body dysmorphic disorder (BDD). However, the DCQ is not a diagnostic tool for BDD; rather, it is a dimensional measure of dysmorphic concern and a screening tool with validated cut-offs for both clinically relevant appearance concern and BDD. The DCQ can be administered online or in-person to adolescents and adults and is free to use. This chapter first discusses the development of the DCQ and then provides evidence of its psychometrics. More specifically, the DCQ has a unidimensional factor structure within exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. Internal consistency reliability, convergent validity, discriminant validity, and structural validity support the use of the DCQ. Next, this chapter provides the DCQ items in their entirety, instructions for administration and scoring, and the item response scale. Links to available translations are included. Logistics of use, such as permissions, copyright, and contact information, are available for readers.

The 17-item Thin Ideal Internalization Assessment (THIINA; Kidd et al., 2023) provides a multidimensional assessment of thin ideal internalization in adult women. The THIINA is a self-report questionnaire that can be administered online or in-person and is free to use. This chapter describes the development of the THIINA and outlines evidence of its psychometrics. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses revealed the THIINA has a stable three-factor structure, reflecting three key domains of thin ideal internalization (i.e., Thin Overvaluation, Thin Idealization, and Thin Behavioral Drive). Evaluation of the questionnaire’s internal consistency, test-retest reliability, convergent validity, discriminant validity, and incremental validity provides support for the three THIINA subscales and composite score. This chapter also provides the THIINA items in their entirety, and administration and scoring procedures. Logistics of use, such as permissions, copyright, and contact information, are also provided for readers.

The Perceived Effects of Media Exposure Scale (PEMES) assesses people’s beliefs about how their body image was impacted by exposure to specific media images (Frederick et al., 2017). It has been administered in experiments where participants are exposed to images of fashion models versus control images, and participants report whether the images had negative, neutral, or positive impacts on their feelings about different aspects of their appearance. It is was inspired by two previous scales that ask participants to assess the impact of pornography (Hald & Malamuth, 2008) and their body images (Body Image Quality of Life Inventory; Cash et al., 2004) on different aspects of their lives. The PEMES can be administered to adolescents and/or adults and is free to use. This chapter describes the development and psychometrics of the PEMES. The PEMES has been found to have a two-factor structure within two exploratory factor analyses: The PEMES-Weight subscale and PEMES-Face subscales. Internal reliability was high for both subscales. The chapter provides the PEMES items, responses scale, and scoring procedure. Logistics of use, such as permissions, copyright, and contact information, are provided for readers.

The 20-item Appearance Schemas Inventory-Revised (ASI-R; Cash et al., 2004) assesses respondents’ investment in their appearance vis-à-vis their beliefs or assumptions about the importance, meaning, and influence of appearance in their life. The ASI-R measures two dimensions of appearance investment: self-evaluative salience (using appearance to measure self-worth) and motivational salience (appearance-related focus and engagement in appearance-related practices such as frequent grooming). The ASI-R can be administered online or in-person to adolescents or adults, and it is free to use. This chapter first discusses the development of the ASI-R and then provides evidence of its psychometrics. More specifically, principal components analysis and confirmatory factor analysis have supported the ASI-R’s 2-factor structure (self-evaluative salience, motivational salience) that is invariant across age and gender. Its internal consistency reliability, test-retest reliability, and construct validity are supported. Next, this chapter provides all items, the response scale, and instructions for administering and scoring the ASI-R. Links to known translations are included. Logistics of use, such as how to obtain and purchase the ASI-R, permissions, copyright, and contact information are available for readers.

This chapter explores employment testing bias and fairness in India. The developments that have led to fair employment practices in India with special reference to affirmative action policies, the reservation system, and the regulatory authorities that oversee hiring processes are reviewed. Measures aimed at the prevention of biases, including structured interviews, blind hiring, and training about unconscious bias are discussed. The chapter also reviews the legal framework for employment fairness, the role of public and private sector organizations, and issues such as the impact of artificial intelligence on selection procedures. Results from a survey of Indian organizations are used to provide empirical insights into the existence, as well as effectiveness, of fairness policies in curbing hiring biases. Further, the chapter compares the situation in India to global perspectives on employment testing bias and fairness and highlights the need to further refine regulatory mechanisms and organizational policies in hiring. Finally, this work indicates significant gaps across various aspects of fair hiring practices in India and identifies areas that require focus and research.

The 5-item Appearance subscale of the Contingencies of Self-Worth Scale (CSWS; Crocker et al., 2003) assesses the extent to which individuals base their self-worth on their appearance. The CSWS can be administered online or in-person to adolescents and adults and is free to use in any setting. This chapter first discusses the development of the CSWS and its seven domains and then provides evidence of its psychometrics, underscoring the Appearance subscale given its connection to body image, the focus of this handbook. More specifically, the Appearance subscale has been found to be a distinct factor within the 7-factor CSWS, which was found to be invariant across gender. Internal consistency reliability, test-retest reliability, convergent validity, discriminant validity, incremental validity, and predictive validity support the use of the Appearance subscale. Next, this chapter provides the Appearance subscale items in their entirety, instructions for administering the Appearance subscale to participants, the item response scale, and the scoring procedure. Links to known CSWS translations are included. Logistics of use, such as permissions, copyright, and contact information, are available for readers.

The traditional case register involved assembling records of people with a given condition in order to support cohort studies to describe and investigate the course of their condition and other outcomes. This old design has been resurrected and revolutionised following the widespread implementation of fully electronic healthcare records over the past few decades, providing ‘big data’ resources that are both large and very detailed. These, in turn, are being further enhanced through linkages with complementary administrative data (both health and non-health) and through natural language processing generating structured meta-data from source text fields. This chapter provides an overview of this rapidly developing research infrastructure, considering and advising on some of the challenges faced by researchers planning studies using clinical data and by those considering future resource development.

The 28-item Body Exposure during Sexual Activities Questionnaire (BESAQ; Cash et al., 2004) assesses respondents’ anxious attentional focus on and avoidance of exposing their body during sexual relations. The BESAQ can be administered online or in-person to sexually active adolescents or adults and items are averaged to obtain a total score. It is free to use. This chapter first discusses the development of the BESAQ and then provides evidence of its psychometrics. More specifically, internal consistency reliability, test-retest reliability, and construct validity support the use of the BESAQ. Next, this chapter provides all BESAQ items, instructions for administering the BESAQ to participants, the item response scale, and the scoring procedure. An 18-item abbreviated form is discussed. Known translations are provided. Logistics of use, such as permissions, copyright, and contact information, are provided for readers.

The 26-item Body Dissatisfaction Scale for Adults (BDS; Tariq & Ijaz, 2015) assesses dissatisfaction with different parts of body. The BDS can be administered online and/or in-person to young adults, and adults and is free to use in any setting. This chapter first discusses the development of the BDS and then provides evidence of its psychometrics. More specifically, the BDS has been found to have 4-factor structure for males and 3- factor structure for females within exploratory factor analyses and has been found to be mostly invariant across different cultures and languages (except 1 item). Internal consistency reliability, test-retest reliability, and concurrent validity, support the use of the BDS. Next, this chapter provides the BDS items in their entirety, instructions for administering the BDS to participants, the item response scale, and the scoring procedure. Logistics of use, such as permissions, copyright, and contact information, are provided for readers.

The Mexican Constitution prohibits any form of discrimination that infringes on human dignity, rights, and freedoms. This is further reinforced by the federal labor law, which outlines discriminatory workplace practices, and the federal law for preventing and eliminating discrimination, which provides preventive measures, equality initiatives, and complaint procedures. Employers in Mexico are legally required to adhere to these regulations. Although no specific legal standards exist for demonstrating reliability and validity in employment selection tests, employers using such tests must demonstrate their job-related relevance. Employers found guilty of discrimination may face fines ranging from 1,400 to 30,000 USD, with penalties determined by intent, severity, and recurrence. Common administrative sanctions include mandatory training for involved staff and internal awareness campaigns. Publicizing these cases has proven effective in raising awareness in human resources professionals, encouraging the elimination of discriminatory practices in the workplace. These legal and administrative measures aim to foster a fair and inclusive work environment in Mexico.

The 16-item Body and Appearance Self-Conscious Emotions Scale (BASES; Castonguay et al., 2014) was developed to measure shame, guilt, authentic pride, and hubristic pride for use in body- and appearance-related contexts. The BASES can be administered online or in-person to adolescents and adults and is free to use. This chapter first discusses the development of the BASES and then provides evidence of its psychometrics. Findings from exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis support a 4-factor structure (body shame, body guilt, authentic pride, hubristic pride). Internal consistency reliability, test-retest reliability, content validity, concurrent validity, convergent validity, discriminant validity, and incremental validity support the use of the BASES. Next, this chapter provides the BASES items in their entirety, instructions for administering the BASES to participants, item response scale, and scoring procedure. Links to known translations are provided. Logistics of use, such as permissions, copyright, and contact information, are provided for readers.

The 12-item Intuitive Eating Scale-3 (IES-3; Tylka et al., 2024) assesses intuitive eating, or being connected to internal hunger, satiety, and appetitive cues and flexibly using these cues to determine when, what, and how much to eat. The IES-3 can be administered online or in-person and is free to use in any setting. This chapter first discusses the development of the IES-3 and then provides evidence of its psychometrics. More specifically, the IES-3 has been shown to have a general IE factor and four specific factors (unconditional permission to eat, eating for physical rather than emotional reasons, reliance on internal hunger and satiety cues, body-food choice congruence) via bifactor exploratory structural equation modeling. The IES-3 was found to be invariant across gender and lacked measurement bias across gender, age, and BMI. Internal consistency reliability, test-retest reliability, convergent validity, discriminant validity, and incremental validity support the use of the IES-3. Next, this chapter provides the IES-3 items in their entirety, instructions for administering it to participants, the item response scale, and the scoring procedure. Logistics of use, such as permissions, copyright, and contact information, are available for readers.