The 50-item Situational Inventory of Body Image Dysphoria (SIBID; Cash, 1994) assesses negative body image emotions experienced during specific situational contexts. Each item contains a specific situational context (e.g., social gatherings, looking at self in the mirror) and respondents indicate how often they have negative emotional experiences when in these contexts. The SIBID can be administered to adults and adolescents, and it is free to use. There is a 20-item abbreviated form, the SIBID-S. This chapter first discusses the development of the SIBID and SIBID-S and then provides evidence of their psychometrics. The SIBID and SIBID-S are best treated as unidimensional. Internal consistency reliability, test-retest reliability, convergent validity, and predictive validity support the use of the SIBID and SIBID-S. Next, this chapter provides all SIBID and SIBID-S items, the item response scale, and instructions for administration and scoring. Links to known translations are included. Logistics of use, such as permissions, copyright, and contact information, are provided for readers.

The 11-item Weight Bias Internalization Scale (WBIS; Durso & Latner, 2008) is a self-report measure that assesses levels of internalized weight bias. The WBIS can be administered online or in-person to adolescents and adults with overweight/obesity and is free to use in any setting. This chapter discusses the development of the WBIS, and then provides evidence of its psychometric properties in a variety of samples. Specifically, the WBIS has been found to have a unitary-factor structure within exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses and is invariant across gender and weight status. Internal consistency reliability, and convergent, incremental, and discriminant validity support the use of the WBIS. Next, this chapter provides the WBIS items in their entirety, instructions for administering the WBIS to participants, the item response scale, and the scoring procedure. Information on translations of the WBIS to seven other languages are available. Logistics of use, such as permissions, copyright, and contact information, are provided for readers.

Selection processes in France are governed by a comprehensive legal and regulatory framework that prioritizes fairness, non-discrimination, and equal opportunity. French labor laws explicitly prohibit discrimination based on twenty-five criteria, including sex/gender, ethnicity, disability, and age. Despite these protections, disparities persist, fueling ongoing policy debates and legislative refinements. Regulatory bodies such as the Defender of Rights oversee compliance and promote unbiased hiring practices. However, implicit biases and structural barriers continue to influence employment decisions, challenging efforts to achieve true workplace equality. Employers must balance legal obligations, diversity objectives, and test validity while adapting to evolving EU regulations, such as the AI Act (2024). The introduction of diversity labels and corporate social responsibility initiatives reflects a proactive commitment to fostering inclusive workplaces. Yet enforcement challenges remain, as rising reports of workplace discrimination highlight persistent gaps. Several recommendations have been proposed to mitigate discrimination without compromising the quality and effectiveness of selection methods.

The 10-item Photo Manipulation Scale (P-MaS; McLean et al., 2015) measures the frequency to which a person manipulates (digitally edits) their own appearance within photos prior to sharing on social media or other online platforms. Photo editing practices may include changing the size or shape of body parts, removing skin blemishes, and applying filters, which are easily performed through readily available phone apps. The P-MaS can be administered online or in-person to adolescents and adults and is free to use. This chapter first discusses the development of the P-MaS and then provides evidence of its psychometrics. While mixed evidence for its unidimensionality has been observed, the authors recommend the calculation of a single total score. Internal consistency reliability, test-retest reliability, convergent validity, discriminant validity, and test-criterion validity support the use of the P-MaS. Next, this chapter provides the P-MaS items in their entirety, instructions for administering the P-MaS to participants, item response scale, and scoring procedure. Links to known translations are provided. Logistics of use, such as permissions, copyright, and contact information, are provided for readers.

Mentors can play a pivotal role in inspiring creativity in young artists. Some encourage by example. Others discover previously hidden talents or nascent abilities. Mentors can also teach young artists to trust in themselves and their talents. The chapter outlines how some mentors act as informal advisors, others are teachers who take on this added role, and still others are part of a more formalized mentoring system. In addition, the artists in this chapter discuss how they pass the baton to the next generation of creative people, both through informal mentoring and teaching. A related topic is how artists find that their art benefits from teaching others.

Inquiry into purpose spans multiple disciplines, perspectives, and centuries. Seemingly inherent in the process of human development is the desire for humans to find a direction for their lives. This chapter provides an introduction to purpose inquiry, underscoring how purpose research shows that the construct can permeate multiple domains of life. We outline some of the frameworks and theoretical traditions that the reader will encounter throughout this volume. Following this section, we discuss three central questions regarding the nature of purpose that have yielded nascent reflections and research directions to this day. We conclude by providing the outline for the upcoming chapters, noting how each provides a valuable and unique piece to the puzzle of purpose.

The 54-item Body Dysmorphic Disorder Symptom Scale (BDD-SS; Wilhelm et al., 2013) is a comprehensive, self-report measure that assesses the presence and severity of cognitive and behavioral symptoms associated with body dysmorphic disorder (BDD). The BDD-SS can be administered online or in person to adolescents and adults and is free for use in clinical and research settings. This chapter outlines the development of the BDD-SS, highlighting its creation to address the need for a self-report tool that captures the heterogeneous symptoms of BDD. The BDD-SS has demonstrated moderate reliability (α = .75-.83) and convergent validity with other BDD-related measures, such as the BDD-YBOCS. Although factor structure and invariance have not yet been established, the BDD-SS has proven useful for identifying specific symptom profiles and treatment targets. This chapter provides the complete set of BDD-SS items, instructions for administration, the item response scale, and scoring procedures. Logistics of use, including permissions, copyright, and contact information, are also included for users.

Is purpose a cause, consequence, correlate, or component of well-being? Sense of purpose can be understood as the extent to which one feels that they have personally meaningful goals and directions guiding them through life. Because models of well-being differ in how they conceptualize what it means to be psychologically well, purpose is treated differently across these frameworks. In this chapter, we begin by considering how purpose fits in various well-being theories, including philosophical schools of thought (Liking, Wanting, and Needing theories), contemporary theoretical and measurement models (e.g., subjective well-being, Value Fulfillment Theory, Ryff’s psychological well-being, self-determination theory, Positive emotion, Engagement, Relationships, Meaning, and Accomplishments, and other factors such as health (PERMA+)), and mechanistic models that seek the synthesize across multiple approaches (e.g., Engine Model of Well-Being, Eudaimonic Activity Model). We conclude by answering the question proposed in the title of this chapter, “Where does purpose belong in well-being theory?”, and by offering specific recommendations for purpose and well-being researchers.

This chapter explores the critical importance of child and adolescent mental health in understanding and mitigating mental illness across the life course. Because the majority of mental disorders emerge during childhood or adolescence, early mental health interventions are key to prevent long-term health burden. We emphasise the need for a developmental perspective in mental health research, highlighting the challenges and opportunities in studying both typical and atypical development, addressing diagnostic comorbidity, and evaluating environmental influences on mental health outcomes. We discuss four examples to illustrate the breadth of research in child and adolescent mental health: (1) conceptualising psychopathology across the lifespan, (2) establishing valid measures of childhood maltreatment to assess its impact on mental health, (3) testing the mechanisms that might explain why maltreatment contributes to the risk of psychopathology, and (4) optimising psychiatric crisis care for adolescents in the UK. By examining these critical issues, the chapter outlines how advances in child and adolescent mental health research can lead to innovative strategies for preventing and managing mental health problems, with the potential to improve wellbeing throughout the life course.

The 10-item Cognitive Fusion Questionnaire-Body Image (CFQ-BI; Ferreira et al., 2015) assesses cognitive fusion related to body image, which represents an entanglement with cognitions related to one’s body, perceiving them as true events of reality instead of subjective and transitory experiences. In other words, an individual becomes “fused” with their internal events (e.g., thoughts, emotions, memories, sensations) concerning body image and is highly regulated by them. Engaging in body image-related cognitive fusion can trigger emotional and behavioral responses that are regulated by internal, body-focused events, leading to a disregard of other important cues such as external experiences and individual life values. The CFQ-BI can be administered online or in-person and is free to use. This chapter first discusses the development of the CFQ-BI and then provides evidence of its psychometrics. More specifically, the CFQ-BI is unidimensional per exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses and invariant across gender and sample type (clinical, nonclinical samples). Internal consistency reliability, test-retest reliability, convergent validity, discriminant validity, and incremental validity support its use. Next, this chapter provides the CFQ-BI items in their entirety, instructions for administration and scoring, and the item response scale. Links to known translations are included. Logistics of use, such as permissions, copyright, and contact information, are available for readers.

The Body Mass Index Silhouette Matching Test (BMI-SMT) assesses body image satisfaction and perceptions using four silhouettes with normative heights and BMIs (18,24,30, and 36 body mass index) as anchor points along a continuum ranging from a BMI of 14 to 40. The BMI-SMT provides the researcher with 6 data points for analysis: self-reported actual BMI, perceived current BMI, perceived ideal BMI, actual weight, perceived current weight, and ideal weight. The BMI-SMT can be administered in-person or online to adolescents or adults and is free to use in any setting. Development of the BMI-SMT and instructions on its use and analysis are provided. Test-retest reliability and validity assessments support use of the BMI-SMT as an effective means of assessing perceptions of current and ideal body images. Analysis of data provides a unique metric to translate BMI-SMT scores into pounds utilizing a metric conversion formula. Information on costs, availability, contact information and copyright are provided.

The Sociocultural Attitudes Towards Appearance Questionnaire-4-Revised (SATAQ-4R; Schaefer et al., 2017) is among the most widely used measures of appearance-related pressures and appearance-ideal internalization, and it was originally developed to facilitate research on the tripartite influence model of body image and eating disturbance. There is a 31-item female version and a 28-item male version. The SATAQ-4R can be administered online or in-person to adolescents and adults and is free to use. This chapter first discusses the development of the SATAQ-4R and then provides evidence of its psychometrics. More specifically, the SATAQ-4R has been found to have a 7-factor structure within exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, although some studies identified a smaller number of factors. Internal consistency reliability, test-retest reliability, and convergent validity support the use of the SATAQ-4R. Next, this chapter provides the SATAQ-4R items (both female and male versions) in their entirety, instructions for administering the SATAQ-4R to participants, the item response scale, and the scoring procedure. Links to known translations are provided. Logistics of use, such as permissions, copyright, and contact information, are provided for readers.

To date, there is no universally accepted anatomical structural map of the human prefrontal cortex. Ongoing research attempts to uncover the complexities of how networks within the prefrontal cortex, and connecting the prefrontal cortex to other regions across the brain, are structured in detail. Tract tracing studies in rats have revealed that on a broad scale, prefrontal cortex connectivity is consistent with what would be expected based on other cortical regions; that it is comprised of topographically ordered reciprocal connections. However, evidence shows that when visualised on a finer scale, there is more complexity to this structure, that connections appear to move in opposing directions and follow a gradient from anterior to posterior in terms of reciprocity. Further, physiological evidence from humans indicates this gradient of connectivity is replicated on a functional level.