The 19-item Body Understanding Measure for Pregnancy scale (BUMPs; Kirk & Preston 2019) assesses body dissatisfaction during pregnancy. The BUMPs can be administered online and/or in-person to pregnant individuals and is free to use in any setting. This chapter first discusses the development of the BUMPs and then provides evidence of its psychometric validation. The BUMPs was developed using exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses which revealed a 3-factor structure with latent variables relating to (dis)satisfaction with appearing pregnant, concerns about weight gain, and physical burdens of pregnancy. The BUMPs is also found to be invariant across all three trimesters of pregnancy and therefore appropriate for use at all stages of pregnancy. Internal consistency reliability, test-retest reliability, convergent validity, discriminant validity, and incremental validity support the use of the BUMPs. Next, this chapter provides the BUMPs items in their entirety, instructions for administering the BUMPs to participants, the item response scale, and the scoring procedure. Information concerning a retrospective version of the BUMPs and current known translations is included. Logistics of use, such as permissions, copyright, and contact information, are provided for readers.

The 14-item Intuitive Exercise Scale (IEXS; Reel et al., 2016) measures an individual’s adaptive relationship with exercise. Intuitive exercise is an exercise-specific parallel concept to intuitive eating; it entails listening to bodily cues for when to start or stop exercising, being mindful and having sensory awareness during exercise, and opting for diverse types of movement to maximize enjoyment. Intuitive exercise is distinguishable from other exercise constructs such as exercise abuse, excessive exercise, dysfunctional exercise, and exercise addiction. The IEXS can be administered online or in-person to adults and is free to use. This chapter first discusses the development of the IEXS and then provides evidence of its psychometrics. More specifically, the IEXS has a 4-factor structure via exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis among nonclinical samples (emotional exercise, body trust, exercise rigidity, and mindful exercise) and a 3-factor structure among women with eating disorders (emotional exercise, body intuition, and exercise variety). Internal consistency reliability, convergent validity, and incremental validity support the use of the IEXS. Next, this chapter provides the IEXS items in their entirety, instructions for administration and scoring, and the item response scale. A link to a Lithuanian translation is included. Logistics of use, such as permissions, copyright, and contact information, are available for readers.

The 6-item Viewing Body Positivity Online Content Scale (Kvardova et al., 2022) assesses the self-reported (perceived) frequency of viewing body positivity content online. The scale can be administered online or in-person to adolescents or adults and is free to use in any setting. This chapter first discusses the development of the scale and then provides evidence of its psychometric characteristics. More specifically, the scale has been found to have a one-factor structure within confirmatory factor analysis and scalar measurement invariance between adolescent girls and boys, allowing for latent mean comparison across these gender groups. The high internal consistency reliability and preliminary evidence of validity, demonstrated through associations with related constructs, suggest its potential for measuring adolescents’ self-reported frequency of viewing body positivity content online. Next, this chapter provides the scale items in their entirety, instructions for administration, the item response scale, and the scoring procedure. Permissions, copyright, and contact information are provided for readers.

Digital innovation has the potential to be transformative to both clinical practice and academic research related to mental health. Recent advances in research and consumer-grade technology, combined with society’s rapid and widespread adoption of digital technology, has created an emerging and dynamic field attracting the interest of clinicians, researchers, and service-users alike. In this chapter we summarise potential applications of digital technology to mental health research and clinical practice, including digital phenotyping, smartphone applications, virtual reality, and teletherapy. We summarise how digital technologies might be applied to enhance psychiatric assessment and treatment, as well as in research settings. In particular, we outline the potential benefits of digital technology as clinical and research tools. We also explore the challenges associated with digital innovation in mental health, including ethical concerns, methodological considerations when critiquing research in this field, and considerations from the service-user perspective.

Ghanaian artist and academic Bernard Akoi-Jackson developed and led a multi-year art therapy programme with patients at Pantang Psychiatric Hospital, one of Ghana’s three psychiatric hospitals. Chapter 6 focuses on an exhibition I co-curated with Akoi-Jackson on mental health promotion at the Nubuke Foundation, Accra, in 2009, inspired by this programme. Artwork produced by patients was exhibited alongside commissioned paintings on a pre-determined theme of ‘mental health’ from established Ghanaian contemporary artists and photographs from an anthropological study on mental healthcare in shrines and prayer camps. I detail the rationale and process of curating the exhibition and discuss visitors’ responses, which converged on two themes: the art exhibition as a viable approach for mental health promotion and arts therapies as methods of rehumanising the psychiatric space. I reflect on what the curating process revealed about the multilayered challenges faced by communities affected by severe chronic mental illness and where the arts can play a role in forging more robust collaborations between psychiatric and indigenous healing systems.

This chapter explores bias and fairness in Swedish employment testing from legal, historical, and practical perspectives. Swedish labor laws, influenced by trade unions and the welfare state, emphasize non-discrimination under the Discrimination Act. The law prohibits bias based on sex, gender identity, ethnicity, religion, disability, sexual orientation, and age, and requires preventive action. It is enforced by the Equality Ombudsman and Labour Court. Although validity evidence is not explicitly required, selection decisions should be based on a job analysis. No proof of intent is required in discrimination claims, and the burden of proof is shared. Quotas are banned, but positive action is allowed for gender balance when qualifications are equal. Psychological test certification is voluntary in Sweden; the Psychological Association offers guidelines on validity, reliability, and fairness. However, these are not mandatory, and many employers develop their own policies. International standards offer best-practice guidance for fair assessments, including for emerging artificial intelligence tools.

The 11-item Self-Oriented Comparison Scale-Appearance (SOCS-A; Tylka & Wood-Barcalow, 2024) assesses self-oriented comparison, which occurs when a person compares their current body to their own body at previous points. The SOCS-A assesses both upward (comparing their current body to a previous more desirable version of their body) and downward (comparing their current body to a previous less desirable version of their body) self-oriented comparison. The SOCS-A can be administered to adults and adolescents, and there is no cost associated with using it. This chapter first discusses the development of the SOCS-A and then provides evidence of its psychometrics. More specifically, the SOCS-A has been found to have a 2-factor structure (Upward, Downward) within exploratory and/or confirmatory factor analyses as well as demonstrate gender invariance. Internal consistency reliability, test-retest reliability, convergent validity, discriminant validity, and incremental validity support the use of the SOCS-A, particularly the Upward subscale. Next, this chapter provides the SOCS-A items in their entirety, its item response scale, and instructions for administration and scoring. Logistics of use, such as permissions, copyright, and contact information, are provided for readers.

One consistent question from audiences at talks about purpose is simply, how do we develop purpose over time? Lamentably, while we know quite a bit about the value of purpose, the field has been lacking efforts to describe how it develops in the short and long term. The Chapter 1 will explore multiple frameworks for discussing purpose development, borrowing from personality and clinical science. Critically, we highlight the need to consider momentary bursts of purpose as catalysts for broader development, insofar that these moments provide individuals with affective and cognitive feedback regarding whether they are on the right path. Put simply, as people live through different experiences, they learn which activities, roles, and goals are of greatest personal importance.

The Body Dysmorphic Disorder Questionnaire (BDDQ; Phillips, 1996) is a brief self-report questionnaire that screens for the presence of body dysmorphic disorder (BDD). The brief self-report Body Dysmorphic Disorder Questionnaire-Dermatology Version (BDDQ-Dermatology Version; Dufresne et al., 2001; Phillips et al., 2000) is similar to the BDDQ and was developed to screen for BDD in dermatology settings.

Chapter 6 uses this new understanding of chilling effects to elaborate the dangers of chilling effects both on an individual level and societal scale. The chapter elaborates the two dimensions of chilling effects – repressive and productive. The former speaks to how chilling effects today can repress speech and other rights on a mass scale; the latter speaks to how chilling effects are conforming effects, and thus produce conforming and compliant behavior on a societal scale, which has critical implications for individual identity, development, autonomy, and equality, but is also corrosive to democracy and democratic societies.

The 6-item Fear of Negative Appearance Evaluation Scale (FNAES; Lundgren et al., 2004) is a modification of Thomas et al.’s (1998) Brief Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale and assesses respondents’ fear that their appearance will be negatively evaluated by others. The FNAES is distinct from other body image measures as it measures the fear associated with others’ potential negative judgements about one’s body, whereas body image and body dissatisfaction measures tend to measure one’s own judgements about one’s own body. The FNAES can be administered online or in-person to adolescents and adults and is free to use. This chapter first discusses the development of the FNAES and then provides evidence of its psychometrics. More specifically, the FNAES has a unidimensional factor structure within principal components and confirmatory factor analyses, and scores on the FNAES can be meaningfully compared across gender. Internal consistency reliability, test-retest reliability, convergent validity, discriminant validity, and incremental validity support the use of the FNAES. Next, this chapter provides the FNAES items in their entirety, instructions for administration and scoring, and the item response scale. A link to a French translation is included. Logistics of use, such as permissions, copyright, and contact information, are available for readers.

The 6-item Centre for Appearance Research Valence Measure (CARVAL) and the 7-item Centre for Appearance Research Salience Measure (CARSAL; Moss & Rosser, 2012) assess different dimensions of body image. The CARVAL measures the valence of appearance-related thoughts and feelings, while the CARSAL assesses the salience or importance of appearance in an individual’s self-concept. These scales can be administered in-person to adolescents and adults and are free for use under a Creative Commons license. This chapter outlines the development of the CARVAL and CARSAL scales, including expert input and testing across diverse populations. Both scales have demonstrated strong psychometric properties, including high internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha: .88 to .93 for CARVAL, .86 to .91 for CARSAL) and reliability. Confirmatory factor analyses support the scales’ cognitive, affective, and relational dimensions. This chapter provides detailed instructions for administering the scales, the Likert-based response format, and scoring procedures. Known translations include Portuguese, and further translations may be developed. The chapter also provides information on copyright and permissions, ensuring that these tools are accessible for research and clinical purposes.

The 13-item Negative Body Talk Scale (NBT scale; Engeln-Maddox et al., 2012) assesses women’s tendency to engage in negative, appearance-focused conversations about their body. The NBT scale can be administered online or in-person with adolescent and adult women and is free to use in any setting. This chapter first discusses the development of the NBT scale as well as the academic literature on the link between girls’ and women’s negative body talk and body satisfaction. Next, this chapter provides evidence of the psychometric properties of the NBT scale. Specifically, exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses conducted with samples of young adult, undergraduate women suggest a correlated two-factor structure (body concerns and body comparisons) for scores on the scale. Analyses of NBT scores from a large sample of U.S. college women (ages 18-35) indicated scalar (i.e., strong) invariance across three ethnic groups (Asian, Latina, and White). Internal consistency reliability, test-retest reliability, convergent validity, discriminant validity, and incremental validity support the use of the NBT scale. This chapter provides the NBT scale items, instructions for administering the measure to participants, the item response scale, and the scoring procedure. Logistics of use, such as permissions, copyright, and citation information, are also provided for readers.

The 29-item Body Image Coping Strategies Inventory (BICSI; Cash et al., 2005) assesses three distinct styles respondents use to cope with situational threats to their body image, which are appearance fixing, avoidance, and positive rational acceptance. The BICSI can be administered online or in-person to adolescents or adults; it is free to use. This chapter first discusses the development of the BICSI and then provides evidence of its psychometrics. More specifically, the BICSI has been found to have a 3-factor structure within exploratory and/or confirmatory factor analyses. Internal consistency reliability, test-retest reliability, and construct validity support the use of the BICSI. Next, this chapter provides all BICSI items, instructions for administering the BICSI to participants, the item response scale, and the scoring procedure. Links to known translations are provided. Logistics of use, such as how to obtain the scale, permissions, copyright, and contact information, are provided for readers.

Some artists specialize in one very narrow type of creative output while others create in a wider range of areas. In this chapter, artists talk about how they view their creative output. Some talk about how they focus their work in one area, others juggle more than one related domain, still others create in two quite divergent domains, and one artist talks about how she juggles artistic and more traditional careers.

The 21-item Body Checking Cognitions Scale (BCCS) assesses the beliefs that maintain the individual’s use of unhealthy levels of body checking. The BCCS can be administered online or in-person to adolescents and adults (with or without an eating disorder), and is free to use in research and clinical settings. This chapter first discusses the importance of body checking and the cognitions that maintain it. It then describes the development of the BCCS, scoring of the measure and its subscales, and how it can be administered. The chapter then details the validity, reliability, factor structure and internal consistency of the measure, all of which support the use of a 19-item version of the measure. The BCCS has been shown to have four factors in most studies (using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis), though there have also been suggestions that two factors might be a viable model. Translations into a number of languages have been conducted. The full BCCS is presented, along with the scoring key and instructions for administration.

The 27-item Physical Appearance Comparison Scale-3 (PACS-3; Schaefer & Thompson, 2018) is a comprehensive measure of appearance comparison behaviors, assessing the frequency, direction, and emotional impact of weight, shape, general appearance, and muscularity comparisons. The PACS-3 can be administered online or in-person to young adults and adolescents and is free to use in any setting. This chapter first discusses the development of the original PACS, PACS-R, and the PACS-3 within the appearance comparison literature and then provides evidence of its psychometrics. More specifically, the frequency items from the PACS-3 have been found to have a three-factor structure within exploratory and confirmatory analyses across both American and Spanish samples. Items assessing comparison direction and emotional impact require further psychometric evaluation. Scores on the PACS-3 demonstrate adequate internal consistency and test-retest reliability and preliminary evidence of convergent and incremental validity. Next, this chapter provides the PACS-3 items in their entirety, instructions for administering the PACS-3 to participants, the item response scale, and the scoring procedure. Known translations are provided. Logistics of use, such as permissions, copyright, and contact information, are provided for readers.