This paper presents the design and implementation of Jaeger UTFPR, an open-source, low-cost, remote-controlled tiny humanoid robot measuring just 12 cm in height. Developed with a focus on accessibility and affordability, the robot integrates 3D-printed components, cost-effective electronics, embedded systems, and wireless communication to provide real-time audio and video feedback through a virtual reality (VR) interface. Operators control Jaeger UTFPR using a VR headset and motion controllers, enabling immersive telepresence and direct manipulation of the robot’s movements. With a total cost of just a few tens of dollars, this innovative solution offers broad applications in education, entertainment, research, and remote inspection, serving as an accessible platform for robotics enthusiasts and developers. Experimental evaluations demonstrate the system’s effectiveness in balancing performance and cost, validating its potential as a tool for immersive robotics experiences.

Another scholarly journal has apparently decided that no book should be reviewed by somebody named in the book’s acknowledgements. Margaret Bent has over seventy names in her main list, and she warmly thanks or praises dozens of others in the course of her book, which is a definitive report on the state of play in research on the motet repertory of the years 1300–1420. It is safe to say that nobody who is at all qualified to review the book is omitted. That is partly because Bent has been inviting authorities from across the world to speak at her monthly All Souls seminars for over thirty years, and since the time of the Covid lockdown the seminars have been seen internationally on Zoom, with respondents also from across the world. An astonishing and massive public has contributed to making her book what it is. (Declaration: I am indeed named, but I learnt so much from the book that I feel required to make my statement.)

Adam Smith’s Wealth of Nations is standardly assumed, by apologists and critics alike, to have offered a theory of what money is: a “means of exchange” whose raison d’etre is to ease the inconveniences of barter. The present discussion rejects this consensus. Read charitably, neither Smith’s origin story in Book I nor his account of “the great wheel of circulation” in Book II traffics in a theory of what money is. Rather, the Wealth of Nations offers no theory of the nature of money at all. What Smith presents, instead, is a functionalist story of a piece with David Hume’s empiricism, which does not make any claims about natures or essences. Smith’s reply to the mercantilist theory of money—that money is specie—is not a rival theory of money’s true nature, but rather a broad depiction of the various ways money brings “conveniency.”

Este trabajo vincula la evolución del poder de mercado de la banca española con la liberalización financiera entre 1970 y 1990. Se realiza una cronología de las medidas de desregulación y se mide empíricamente el poder de mercado, para lo que se ha elaborado un indicador directo, el índice Lerner. Se comprueba que la desregulación bancaria no fue lineal, y las entidades bancarias compitieron incluso antes de la liberación completa. Se aprecia que el poder de mercado disminuyó en los años 70, por la mayor competencia a través de la red de oficinas, seguido por un aumento en los 80, coincidiendo con un parón en las medidas liberalizadoras. Desde 1988, la competencia se intensificó de nuevo con la consolidación de las medidas liberalizadoras. Además, los resultados permiten descartar la tesis de las reformas financieras consideradas como un pacto entre la banca y las autoridades que no alteró el marco competitivo permitiendo a los grandes bancos cartelizar el sector.

Nacera Belaza asks a dancer to “be sound.” This is not a metaphor, nor is it a request for the dancer to produce sound, talk, or sing. It is a task given with little explanation but meant to unlock a way of performing without pretending, stirring up questions about the historically racialized possibility of realness, transparency, and transmission, and drawing attention to profound sensory experiences that might never be clear. Here, performing one impossible task (being sound) becomes instructive in doing another (writing dance).

This essay examines how Mary Wollstonecraft’s A Vindication of the Rights of Woman draws on and revises key themes from Adam Smith’s moral philosophy. While Smith is often seen as a theorist of sympathy and market society, Wollstonecraft engages with his ideas to develop a distinctive critique of women’s social and moral subordination. I highlight how she reworks Smith’s account of moral development to emphasize the formative role of adversity, independence, and judgment—particularly in shaping female character. In doing so, Wollstonecraft also challenges the ideals of femininity promoted in contemporary conduct literature, exposing how they hinder moral agency and reinforce dependence. The analysis shows how she reimagines the moral conditions of modern society and offers an early feminist response to both commercial and sentimental conceptions of virtue.

Thomas Riccio’s analysis of Sophia, the social robot developed by Hanson Robotics, presents her as a liminal figure at the intersection of myth, technology, and identity, embodying both ancient archetypes and emergent posthuman imaginaries. Sophia’s design, evolution, and media presence challenge conventional notions of agency, consciousness, and embodiment and raising questions on the broader ethical, ontological, and social dimensions of human-machine coevolution. As a speculative interface, Sophia redefines subjectivity within the horizon of a technologically mediated future.

The mudskipper Boleophthalmus dussumieri (Teleostei, Gobiiformes, Oxudercidae) is an amphibious goby native to the Indian Ocean, from Kuwait Bay and Persian Gulf to the northeast of the Arabian Sea and the western coast of India. This study reports on the first record of B. dussumieri in the Atlantic Ocean, based on morphological and molecular evidence. A single specimen was collected in September 2024 in São Marcos Bay, on the coast of the state of Maranhão (Brazilian Amazon Coast). This is the second exotic species of oxudercid goby reported for the coast of Maranhão, possibly accidentally introduced through ballast water discharge.