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Charlie Daly: republican brothers, partition and the ‘sham’ northern offensive

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 October 2025

Fearghal Mac Bhloscaidh Open the ORCID record for Fearghal Mac Bhloscaidh [Opens in a new window]
Fearghal Mac Bhloscaidh*
Affiliation:
St Mary’s University College, Belfast Department of History, St Mary’s University College, Belfast
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Email: f.macbhloscaidh@stmarys-belfast.ac.uk
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Abstract

An I.R.B. supreme council member and the I.R.A. 2nd Northern Division commandant, Charlie Daly was executed at Drumboe on 14 March 1923. Daly’s case shows how, through I.R.B. auspices, Free State G.H.Q. planned a joint northern offensive with republicans to avert civil war, while deploying the resources of the new state (and false promises) to engineer the support or at least neutrality of the Northern I.R.A. Eoin O’Duffy and Richard Mulcahy connived to remove Daly from his command because of his opposition to the Treaty, with events coming to a head at the ‘Beggar’s Bush inquiry’ on 2 March 1922. In due course, the Free State elite killed every senior republican brother party to the northern intrigue, including Joe McKelvey and Daly, the latter of whom was shot alongside Seán Larkin from Derry — a witness to GHQ ‘crookedness’ the previous March.

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Type
Research Article
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Irish Historical Studies , Volume 49 , Issue 175 , May 2025 , pp. 89 - 109
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© The Author(s), 2025. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Irish Historical Studies Publications Ltd

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References

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2 Peadar O’Donnell in The men will talk to me: Ernie O’Malley’s interviews with the northern divisions, ed. Síobhra Aiken, Fearghal Mac Bhloscaidh, Liam Ó Duibhir and Diarmuid Ó Tuama (Kildare, 2018), p. 23.

3 Peadar O’Donnell, The gates flew open (London, 1932), p. 116.

4 Ibid., p. 31.

5 Liam Deasy in The men will talk to me: West Cork interviews by Ernie O’Malley, ed. Andy Bielenberg, John Borgonovo and Pádraig Óg Ó Ruairc (Cork, 2015), p. 179.

6 Jack Fitzgerald in ibid., p. 46.

7 U.C.D.A., Richard Mulcahy papers (RM), P7/a/62. Daly refers to this meeting in a letter to his brother Tom: 12 Apr. 1922 (Kerry County Archive (K.C.A.), Charlie Daly papers (CD), P41/2/2/7).

8 U.C.D.A., RM, P7/C/13, p. 190

9 Lynch to McGarrity, 21 Dec. 1922 (N.L.I., Joseph McGarrity papers (JMcG), MS 17,455/1).

10 Daly to Ellen Daly [mother], 19 Dec. 1921(K.C.A., CD, P41/2/5).

11 Peter Hart, The I.R.A. at war, 1916–23 (Oxford, 2005), p. 90.

12 Brendan O’Leary, ‘“Cold house”: the unionist counter-revolution and the invention of Northern Ireland’ in John Crowley, Donal Ó Drisceoil and Mike Murphy (eds), Atlas of the Irish revolution (Cork, 2017), p. 821.

13 Tom Garvin questions whether Britain issued the threat: 1922: the birth of Irish democracy (London, 2005), p. 52.

14 Fearghal Mac Bhloscaidh, ‘The Belfast pogrom and the interminable Irish question’ in Studi Irlandesi: a Journal of Irish Studies, xii (2022), pp 191–3.

15 Paul Bew, Ireland, the politics of enmity, 1789–2006 (Oxford, 2007), p. 149.

16 Geoffrey Bell, The twilight of unionism (London, 2022), p. 69.

17 Daly to Tom Daly, 3 Dec. 1921 (K.C.A., CD, P41/2/2/1).

18 O’Leary, ‘Cold house’, p. 818.

19 John P. Duggan, A history of the Irish army (Dublin, 1992), p. 72.

20 Daly to Ellen Daly, 28 Jan. 1922 (K.C.A., CD, P41/2/1/7).

21 Bill Kissane, The politics of the Irish Civil War (Oxford, 2007), pp 35–6; Caroline Elkins, Legacy of violence (London, 2022), passim.

22 Duggan, A history, pp 77, 74.

23 Garvin, Birth, passim; Michael Laffan, The resurrection of Ireland: the Sinn Féin party, 1916–1923 (Cambridge, 1999), pp 67–8; D. George Boyce, Nationalism in Ireland (3rd ed., London, 1995), p. 132.

24 Sean Etchingham T.D., Dáil Éireann debate, vol. T, no. 7 (20 Dec. 1921).

25 Eunan O’Halpin, Defending Ireland: the Irish state and its enemies since 1922 (Oxford, 1999), p. 15.

26 Kissane, Politics, p. 84.

27 Tim Pat Coogan, Michael Collins (Dublin, 1991), pp 263–4; Elkins, Legacy, pp 91–3.

28 Michael Hopkinson, Green against green (Dublin, 1988), p. 59.

29 Dillon to T. P. O’Connor, 23 Mar. 1922 (T.C.D., John Dillon papers, MS 6744/880).

30 Seán Lehane to Military Pensions Board, 7 Mar. 1935 (N.L.I., Florence O’Donoghue papers (FO’D), MS 31,340); Pádraig Quinn to O’Donoghue, 24 Aug. 1953 (N.L.I., FO’D, MS 31,423/20/4).

31 Hopkinson, Green against green, p. 125.

32 Eoin Kinsella, The Irish defence forces (Dublin, 2023), p. 13.

33 Michael Farrell, Arming the Protestants (London, 1983), pp 153, 283. The U.S.C. had an established force of 45,250 in the summer of 1922, with 3,000 R.U.C.: Arthur Hezlet, The ‘B’ Specials: a history of the Ulster Special Constabulary (London, 1971), pp 88, 100.

34 Diarmuid Ferriter Between two hells (London, 2021), p. 74.

35 May Dálaigh in Uinseann Mac Eoin, Survivors (Dublin, 1980), p. 363.

36 Patrick Riordan witness statement, 1954, pp 5–7 (M.A.I., Bureau of Military History, W.S. 981); Daly to Michael Collins, 4 May 1920 (M.A.I., Collins Papers (CP), A/4095/6); May Dálaigh (U.C.D.A., Ernie O’Malley notebooks, P17/b/132/23-4).

37 I.R.A. GHQ memo, August 1920 (N.L.I., MS 11,410/11).

38 Seán Corr witness statement, 1950, p. 12 (M.A.I., B.M.H. W.S. 458).

39 Jimmy McDermott, Northern divisions (Belfast, 2001), p. 74.

40 Michael Gallagher, 30 Mar. 1935, p. 27. (M.A.I., MSP34, REF23662).

41 Patrick Diamond, 30 Sept. 1953, p. 93 (M.A.I., Seán Larkin, DP5293).

42 Nicholas Smyth, 1952, p. 16 (M.A.I., B.M.H., W.S. 721).

43 Report of divisional and brigade strengths, Oct. 1921 (U.C.D.A., RM, P7/a/18).

44 O’Duffy to Mulcahy, 4 Mar. 1922 (M.A.I., CP, A/0664/2).

45 Daly, ‘2nd ND report for Sept. 1921’, 18 Oct. 1921 (M.A.I., CP, A/0664/4).

46 Daly to Ellen Daly, 31 Oct. 1921 (K.C.A., CD, P41/2/1/2).

47 I.R.A. returns, Sept. 1921 (U.C.D.A., RM, P7/a/17/29).

48 O’Duffy to Mulcahy, 4 Mar. 1922 (M.A.I., CP, A/0664/2).

49 Daly to Andrews, 1 Sept. 1921 (M.A.I., CP, A/0664/17).

50 Tom Morris, 30 Oct. 1967 (Cardinal Ó Fiaich Library and Archive, Louis O’Kane papers (CÓFLA LOK), IV.A.009/0006/Ee.4.6).

51 John Haughey on Daniel McKenna, 21 Oct. 1926, p. 29. (M.A.I., Daniel McKenna, W24SP12361).

52 Daly to adjutant general, 23 Aug. 1921 (M.A.I., CP, A/0664/25).

53 John McClintock to Wickham, 17 Sept. 1921 (T.N.A., Dublin Castle papers, CO904/15A/19).

54 McCluskey, Tyrone, 1912–25, pp 108–09.

55 Daly to Q.M.G., 14 Oct. 1921 (U.C.D.A., RM, P7/a/26/75-7).

56 Daly, ‘Secret Order, No. 1’, 3 Dec. 1921 (M.A.I., CP, A/0664/20).

57 Weekly survey of the state of Ireland, 21 Dec. 1921 (T.N.A., CAB/24/131).

58 N.I. cabinet conference, 1 Dec. 1921 (P.R.O.N.I., CAB 4/28); Tyrone Courier, 8, 15 Dec. 1921.

59 ‘Liaison officer’s reports on breach of truce by Sinn Fein’, 29 Dec. 1921 (P.R.O.N.I., HA/32/1/4).

60 R.U.C. Belfast, 16 Jan. 1922 (P.R.O.N.I., HA/5/152).

61 Daly to O’Duffy, 8 Mar. 1922 (U.C.D.A., O’Malley papers, P17/a/184).

62 Duggan, A history, p. 70.

63 Lewis, Frank Aiken’s war, p. 186.

64 Brian Feeney, Antrim, 1912–25 (Dublin, 2021), pp 132–4.

65 May Dálaigh in Survivors, p. 366.

66 Seán Ó Murthuile memoir, p. 200 (U.C.D.A., RM, P7/C/13).

67 Daly to Tom Daly, 3 Dec. 1921 (K.C.A., CD, P41/2/2/1).

68 Daly confided to his brother that O’Duffy was to visit the Kerry I.R.A. to discuss the Treaty and that Daly himself might see him tomorrow, since ‘the 5th ND is to have a céilí at Clones, and he is to be there’: Daly to Tom Daly, 6 Dec. 1921 (K.C.A., CD, P41/2/2/2).

69 Frank Aiken in Aiken, The men will talk to me, p. 199.

70 Daly to Tom Daly, 6 Dec. 1921 (K.C.A., CD, P41/2/2/2).

71 Ó Murthuile memoir, p. 200.

72 MacSwiney to McGarrity, 29 Apr. 1922 (N.L.I., JMcG, MS 17,654/3/1).

73 For initial opposition, see Daly to Mrs Daly, 19 Dec. 1921 (K.C.A., CD, P41/2/1/5).

74 Terence O’Reilly, Rebel heart (Cork, 2009), p. 165.

75 Lynch to O’Donoghue, 11 Dec. 1921 (U.C.D.A., I.R.B. papers, P21/1-3); Lynch to McGarrity, 21 Dec. 1922 (N.L.I., JMcG, MS 17,455/1); Joseph M. Curran, ‘The decline and fall of the IRB’ in Éire-Ireland, x, no. 1, (1975), p. 19.

76 Daly to Tom Daly, 19 Jan. 1922 (U.C.D.A., O’Malley notebook, P17/b/132/24-27).

77 Ibid., 21 Jan. 1922 (ibid.).

78 Ó Murthuile memoir, p. 206.

79 Boland to Luke Dillon, 25 Jan. 1922 (N.L.I., JMcG, MS 17,424/2/2).

80 Ó Murthuile memoir, p. 206.

81 O’Donoghue to Deasy, 29 Dec. 1922 (U.C.D.A., I.R.B. papers, P21/5).

82 Ó Murthuile to McGarrity, 23 Feb. 1922 (N.L.I., McCullough papers, MS 31,653).

83 Daly, ‘Appeal to comrades in the 2nd N.D.’, July 1922 (K.C.A., CD, P41/2/6/1).

84 Ó Murthuile memoir, p. 220. For a later account of Aiken’s position, see Pádraig Quinn to Florence ’Donoghue, 24 Aug. 1953 (N.L.I., F’OD, MS 31,423/20/4).

85 Matthew Lewis, Frank Aiken’s war: the Irish Revolution, 1916–23 (Dublin, 2014), p. 231.

86 Ibid., p. 203.

87 Ibid., p. 194.

88 Daly to O’Duffy, 25 Jan. 1922 (M.A.I., CP, A/0664/2).

89 Ibid., 8 Mar. 1922 (U.C.D.A., O’Malley papers, P17/a/184).

90 Divisional commissioner’s office, Belfast, 16 Jan. 1922, divisional commissioner’s bi-monthly reports, (P.R.O.N.I., HA/5/152); summary of outrages in Northern Ireland, Nov. 1921–Feb. 1922 (P.R.O.N.I., HA/5/698).

91 Arms and ammunition in the hands of C Coy Dromore, No. 2 Brigade, 2nd N.D., Mar. 1922, ‘Files relating to prosecution of Henry McCusker and others, Dromore, Co. Tyrone, for possession of arms and ammunition’, 1922 (P.R.O.N.I., HA/5/601).

92 Wickham bi-monthly reports, 31 Jan. 1922 (P.R.O.N.I., HA/5/152).

93 Dónal McAnallen, ‘The radicalisation of the Gaelic Athletic Association in Ulster, 1912–1923: the role of Owen O’Duffy’ in International Journal of the History of Sport, xxxi, no. 7 (2014), p. 717.

94 Terence Dooley, Monaghan, 1912–23 (Dublin, 2017), pp 102–06.

95 O’Duffy to Collins, 30 Jan. 1922 (N.A.I., S1801/A).

96 Pádraig Quinn memoir, p. 13 (Kilmainham Gaol Museum (KMGLM), 20MS-1P41-08 - notebook 2).

97 MacSwiney to McGarrity, 29 Apr. 1922 (N.L.I., JMcG, MS 17,654/3/1).

98 McDermott, Northern divisions, p. 173.

99 Roger McCorley witness statement, 1950, pp 34–5 (M.A.I., B.M.H., W.S. 389).

100 Memo on north-east Ulster (U.C.D.A., Blythe papers, P24/554/1).

101 O’Duffy to Mulcahy, 21 Feb. 1922 (M.A.I., CP, A/0664/2).

102 O’Duffy, 24 Nov. 1924, p. 32 (M.A.I., Thomas Morris, W24SP139).

103 O’Duffy to Collins, 10 Mar. 1922 (N.A.I., Department of the Taoiseach, S1801/A). Mulcahy provided sanction, with O’Duffy apparently ‘dealing with the matter’: O’Duffy to Mulcahy, 21 Feb. 1922; Mulcahy to O’Duffy, 27 Feb. 1922 (M.A.I., CP, A/0664/2).

104 Michael Gallagher, 30 Mar. 1935, p. 27 (M.A.I., MSP34, REF 23662).

105 Daly to O’Duffy, 8 Mar. 1922 (M.A.I., CP, A/0664/2).

106 Frank Stronge to Daly, n.d., Mar. 1922 (K.C.A., CD, P41/2/19/1).

107 O’Duffy to Mulcahy, 4 Mar. 1922 (M.A.I., CP, A/0664/2).

108 O’Duffy to Collins, 10 Mar. 1922 (N.A.I., S1801).

109 O’Duffy to Mulcahy, 4 Mar. 1922 (M.A.I., CP, A/0664/2).

110 Daly to O’Duffy, 8 Mar. 1922 (U.C.D.A., O’Malley papers, P17/a/184).

111 Daly to O’Duffy, 22 Mar. 1922 (ibid.).

112 Ibid.

113 R.U.C. Belfast, 31 Mar. 1922 (P.R.O.N.I., HA/5/152).

114 Report G.O.C. Ireland, 25 Mar. 1922 (T.N.A., CAB 24/136); Craig to Churchill, 21 Mar. 1922 (P.R.O.N.I., HA/5/189).

115 Daly to Tom Daly, 20 Mar. 1922 (U.C.D.A., O’Malley notebook, P17/b/132/24-27).

116 Nicholas Smyth witness statement, 1952, p. 19 (M.A.I., B.M.H., W.S. 721).

117 Daly to Tom Daly, 20 May 1922 (U.C.D.A., O’Malley notebook, P17/b/132/24-27).

118 Pádraig Quinn memoir, p. 3 (KMGLM.20MS-1P41-08 - notebook 3 [2]).

119 Michael Gallagher, 30 Mar. 1935, pp 27–8 (M.A.I., MSP34, REF 23662).

120 Tim Pat Coogan, Michael Collins: the man who made Ireland (London, 1996), pp 350–51; Joseph Sweeney, 28 Jan. 1964 (U.C.D.A., RM, P7d/43); John Haughey, 30 Nov. 1927, p. 4 (M.A.I., 24SP9208).

121 Griffith, Curious Journey, p. 257.

122 Patrick McCartan to William Maloney, 31 Mar. 1922 (N.L.I., JMcG, MS 17645).

123 N.L.I., FO’D, MS 31,424.

124 Memo on north-east Ulster (U.C.D.A., Blythe papers P24/554); Patrick Donnelly, Apr. 1938, pp 13–15 (M.A.I., MSP34, REF 23662).

125 2nd N.D. report (N.L.I., Johnson papers, MS 17143).

126 O’Duffy to Mulcahy, 28 Apr. 1922, quoted in Enda Staunton, The nationalists of Northern Ireland (Dublin, 2001), p. 53.

127 Seán Corr witness statement, 1950, p. 548 (M.A.I., B.M.H., W.S. 458).

128 Daly, 20 May 1922 (U.C.D.A., O’Malley notebook, P17/b/132/24-27).

129 Michael Collins diary, 18 Mar. 1922 (U.C.D.A., RM, P7/a/62).

130 Lynch, Northern I.R.A., p. 140.

131 Maurice Donegan, 15 Mar. 1935, p. 2. (M.A.I., WMSP34, REF 2088).

132 Ryan, The real chief, p. 126; see also Liam Deasy in Maurice Donegan pension application, 1935, p. 31 (M.A.I., WMSP34, REF 2088).

133 Fearghal McGarry, Eoin O’Duffy (Oxford, 2005), p. 98.

134 Seán Lehane to Military Service Board, 7 Mar. 1935 (N.L.I., FO’D, MS 31423/9).

135 Ó Murthuile (U.C.D.A., P7/c/13), pp 190–91.

136 Charlie to Tom Daly, 12 Apr. 1922 (K.C.A., CD, P41/2/2/7).

137 Maurice Donegan, 15 Mar. 1935, p. 24 (M.A.I., WMSP34, REF 2088).

138 Nicholas Smyth witness statement, 1952, p. 22 (M.A.I., B.M.H., W.S. 721).

139 Pádraig Quinn memoir, p. 3 (KMGLM.20MS-1P41-08 - notebook 3 [2]).

140 James McElduff in Survivors, pp 172–82.

141 Thomas J. Martin, 18 July 1967 (CÓFLA, LOK, IV.B.07/0002/09/Ee.4.4); Thomas Martin, 19 Mar. 1926, p. 7 (M.A.I., 24SP4450).

142 Florence O’Donoghue, No other law (Dublin, 1954), p. 250.

143 Pádraig Quinn memoir, p. 3 (KMGLM.20MS-1P41-08 - notebook 3 (2)).

144 Ibid., notebook 2, p. 13.

145 Woods to Mulcahy, 27 July 1922 (U.C.D.A., RM, P7b/77).

146 Thomas Morris, 30 Oct. 1967 (CÓFLA, LOK, IV.A.009/0006/Ee.4.6).

147 John McCoy witness statement, 1951, p. 124 (M.A.I., B.M.H., W.S. 492).

148 Kieran Glennon, From pogrom to civil war: Tom Glennon and the Belfast I.R.A. (Cork, 2013); Liam Ó Duibhir, Donegal & the Civil War: the untold story (Cork, 2013), p. 107.

149 Matthew Lewis, ‘The 4th ND and the Joint-I.R.A. offensive, April—July 1922’ in War in History, xxi, no. 3 (July 2014), p. 318.

150 Memo on north-east Ulster (U.C.D.A., Blythe papers, P24/554/1).

151 Patrick Hurl to Aiken, 19 Nov. 1927 (U.C.D.A., P104/1261).

152 Underlining in notebook, Joe Sweeney and Peadar O’Donnell, 3 June 1949 (U.C.D.A., O’Malley notebooks, P17/b/98/7).

153 Activity report 2nd Northern Division, 26 June 1922 (U.C.D.A., RM, P7/B/77/29); organisation report, 10 July 1922 (ibid., P7/B/77/403).

154 John McCoy witness statement, 1951, p. 124 (M.A.I., B.M.H., W.S. 492).

155 Position of 2nd N.D. in 1922 (N.L.I., Johnson papers, MS 17,143).

156 1st N.D. report, 19 Sept. 1922 (U.C.D.A., O’Malley papers, P17/a/63); Thomas Morris, 16 June 1928; Patrick Diamond, 4 June 1926, pp 29–30 (M.A.I., Thomas Martin, I.M.A., 24SP4450).

157 Daly, ‘Appeal to comrades in the 2nd ND’, July 1922 (K.C.A., CD, P41/2/6/1).

158 Mulcahy to Morris, 17 Aug. 1922 (N.L.I., Johnson papers, MS 17,143).

159 Thomas Morris, 30 Oct. 1967 (CÓFLA, LOK, IV.A.009/0006/Ee.4.6).

160 Thomas J. Martin, 18 July 1967 (ibid., B.07/0002/09/Ee.4.4).

161 Fr Louis O’Kane in Tom Morris, 30 Oct. 1967 (CÓFLA, LOK, IV.A.009/0006/Ee.4.6).

162 Seán McBride in Mac Eoin, Survivors, p. 117; Maurice Donegan, ‘Military Pensions Application’, 16 Feb. 1935, p. 10 (M.A.I., WMSP34, REF 2088).

163 Daly to Mrs Daly, 4 Sept. 1922 (K.C.A., CD, P41/2/1/15).

164 Donegal News, 31 Mar. 1923.

165 Daly to Tom Daly, 20 Mar. 1922 (U.C.D.A., O’Malley notebook, P17/b/132/24-27).

166 Tom Morris, 30 Oct. 1967 (CÓFLA, LOK, IV.A.009/0006/Ee.4.6); Patrick Diamond, 30 Sept. 1953, p. 93 (M.A.I., Seán Larkin DP5293).

167 Louis Walsh to H. Concannon, 23 Feb. 1935, p. 73 (M.A.I., Seán Larkin, DP5293).

168 Bill Kissane, ‘The geographical spread of state executions during the Irish Civil War, 1922–23’ in Social Science History, xlv, no. 1 (2021), 45, p. 173

169 Ibid., p. 169.

170 Ibid., p. 175.

171 O’Halpin, Defending Ireland, p. 27.

172 Kissane, ‘Geographical spread’, p. 176.

173 Travers, Donegal, p. 132.

174 Regan, Counterrevolution, p. 62; Mulcahy to Aiken, 31 Aug. 1922 (U.C.D.A., RM, P71/b/173).

175 Tom Daly to the editor of [?], 20 Sept. [1924] (K.C.A., CD, P41/3/5/1).

176 Dorothy Macardle, The Irish Republic (London, 1937), p. 1108.

177 Twomey to O’Donoghue, 25 Aug. 1952 (N.L.I., FO’D, MS 31421/12/57/1).

178 Joseph Sweeney in Aiken et al. (eds), The men will talk to me, p. 31.

179 Sinn Féin, 6 Sept. 1924; Joseph Sweeney in Kenneth Griffith and Timothy O’Grady, Curious journey (Dublin, 1982), pp 306–7.

180 Joseph Sweeney in Aiken et al. (eds), The men will talk to me, p. 34.

181 Fitzgerald to secretary of defence, 7 Mar. 1932 (M.A.I., CD334).

182 McDermott, Northern divisions, p. 190.

183 Daly, ‘Appeal to comrades in the 2nd ND’, July 1922 (K.C.A., CD, P41/2/6/1).

184 Churchill to Craig, 7 July 1922 (P.R.O.N.I., CAB 6/75).

185 Robert Lynch, ‘Frank Aiken’s civil war’ in Bryce Evans and Stephen Kelly (eds), Frank Aiken: nationalist and internationalist (Kildare, 2014), p. 86.

186 Eamon Price, G.H.Q. director of organisation to Daly (K.C.A., CD, P41/2/5/14).

187 Daly, ‘Appeal to comrades in the 2nd ND’, July 1922 (K.C.A., CD, P41/2/6/1).

188 An Phoblacht, 11 Dec. 1925.

189 Diarmuid Ferriter, The transformation of Ireland, 1900–2000 (London, 2005), p. 294.