Trevor Griffith and Adrian Kind argue that we should reject a standard interpretation of pain asymbolia, according to which asymbolics experience pain even though their pain lacks the affective-motivational element that typical pains possess. We make the case that Griffith and Kind’s reasons for rejecting the standard interpretation are relatively weak. We end by arguing that debates between the standard interpretation and alternative interpretations cannot be resolved without addressing the issue of how we should taxonomize pain asymbolia as a neurological condition.

Jellyfish are widely distributed throughout the world’s oceans. However, understanding jellyfish species’ distributions remains poor. Here, we addressed this knowledge gap by applying an approach that uses citizen science observations to inform collection of samples which then undergo molecular analysis. Doing so allowed us to confirm the presence of the jellyfish Cyanea purpurea in the waters of Hong Kong SAR for the first time. Due to morphological overlap in Cyanea species, DNA analysis confirmed specimen identification. Samples were taken from 19 jellyfish individuals for subsequent DNA analysis. Ten samples (53%) were confirmed as C. purpurea, two samples (10%) were identified as Cyanea nozakii, and seven samples (37%) were not able to be identified. The combined application of citizen science and DNA analysis has proven effective in confirming the presence of C. purpurea in Hong Kong waters. This approach of using citizen science observations to inform the collection of samples for subsequent molecular analysis could be transferrable to other similar situations in which identification based solely on morphology is insufficient, potentially enhancing our ability to recognise species occurrence.

We present striking and unique imaging features of a child with scimitar syndrome, demonstrating a rare ‘double sword appearance’ across multiple imaging modalities including chest radiography, angiography and computed tomography.

Technological developments and affordable price structures have increased the usage of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) across almost all sectors, hence increasing demand. Since UAVs can fly and perform various tasks without requiring a human operator, the most dangerous and time-consuming tasks previously performed by humans in many sectors are now accomplished by using UAVs. The increased use of UAVs has also introduced critical safety and security risks, including airspace congestion, collisions and malicious use, and therefore, identifying and assessing the risks associated with UAVs and finding ways to mitigate them is of great importance. This qualitative study investigates the safety and security risks posed by the increased use of UAVs and discusses ways to mitigate these risks. Semi-structured interviews with aviation professionals, including pilots, air traffic controllers and academicians, were conducted, and the collected data were analysed by using MAXQDA 24 qualitative analysis software. The results indicate that 86% of participants emphasised air traffic density as a major safety concern, while 71% underlined the need for dedicated air corridors and robust legal frameworks to reduce collision risks. These insights suggest that the safe integration of UAVs into current aviation systems demands a multifaceted strategy involving regulatory interventions, such as clearly defined UAV flight zones and essential technological enhancements. Overall, the study underscores the urgent need for coordinated efforts–legal, technological, and inter-institutional–to ensure the secure incorporation of UAVs into national airspace.

One of the most devastating and costly consequences of CM is that it persists across generations. Yet, we know little about whether there is intergenerational continuity of diverse dimensions of CM exposure (e.g., chronicity, multi-subtype) or unique patterns of exposure. This is a critical gap, given evidence that different forms of CM confer unique consequences. To enhance our understanding of intergenerational continuity of CM, the current study applied a multidimensional framework to be the first to investigate whether unique forms of CM exposure (characterized by the subtypes and whether multi-type exposure occurred) exhibited homotypic/heterotypic patterns of intergenerational continuity. Latent class analysis (LCA) was used to identify patterns of CM exposure in mothers and their offspring (aged 8–13) who were part of a high-risk, economically disadvantaged sample of maltreated and nonmaltreated youth (N = 1240). Four distinct classes of CM exposure were identified in both mothers (“Single-Subtype without Sexual Abuse”; “Sexual Abuse”, “Multi-Subtype Exposure”; and “No Maltreatment”) and offspring (“No Maltreatment”; “Single Type-Neglect”; “Single Type-Abuse”; and “Chronic, Multi-type”). Patterns of homotypic and heterotypic intergenerational continuity were identified, with a pattern of multi-type exposure emerging as an enduring form of exposure across generations. Implications for preventive interventions are discussed. Intergenerational continuity of multidimensional patterns of child maltreatment exposure: A person-centered approach

Rotorcraft engines are highly complex, nonlinear thermodynamic systems operating under varying environmental and flight conditions. Simulating their dynamics is crucial for design, fault diagnostics and deterioration control, requiring robust control systems to estimate performance throughout the flight envelope. Numerical simulations provide accurate assessments in both steady and unsteady scenarios through physics-based and mathematical models, although their development is challenging due to the engine’s complex physics and strong dependencies on environmental conditions. In this context, data-driven machine-learning techniques have gained significant interest for their ability to capture nonlinear dynamics and enable online performance estimation with competitive accuracy. This work explores different neural network architectures to model the turboshaft engine of Leonardo’s AW189P4 prototype, aiming to predict engine torque. The models are trained on a large database of real flight tests, covering a variety of operational manoeuvers under different conditions, thus offering a comprehensive performance representation. Additionally, sparse identification of nonlinear dynamics (SINDy) is applied to derive a low-dimensional model from the available data, capturing the relationship between fuel flow and engine torque. The resulting model highlights SINDy’s ability to recover underlying engine physics and suggests its potential for further investigations into engine complexity. The paper details the development and prediction results of each model, demonstrating that data-driven approaches can exploit a broader range of parameters compared to standard transfer function-based methods, enabling the use of trained schemes to simulate nonlinear effects in different engines and helicopters.

Bactrocera dorsalis (Diptera: Tephritidae) is a highly invasive and destructive quarantine pests worldwide. To improved biological control efficiency, reduce chemical pesticides use, and optimise the application of Metarhizium anisopliae (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae) against B. dorsalis. This study evaluated the combined toxicity of M. anisopliae with deltamethrin and chlorpyrifos. The biocompatibility of M. anisopliae CQMa421 with these pesticides was assessed based on spore germination, mycelial growth, and sporulation. Additionally, the effects of combined treatments on detoxification enzyme and related gene expression in B. dorsalis were investigated. The results indicated that the virulence effect of M. anisopliae CQMa421 against B. dorsalis adults was time-dependent and dose-dependent. Deltamethrin showed good compatibility with M. anisopliae CQMa421, achieving 100% mortality at 1 × 10⁸ CFU/mL by 84 hours. Different concentrations of deltamethrin can promote the mycelial growth and sporulation of M. anisopliae CQMa421. The toxicity effect of deltamethrin and chlorpyrifos combined with M. anisopliae CQMa421 on B. dorsalis adults was better than that of single-agent treatment, and the co-toxicity factor of 5 mg/L deltamethrin and 1 × 108 CFU/mL M. anisopliae CQMa421 was 24.81, which synergistically affected on B. dorsalis control. Enzyme activity assays and qRT-PCR results revealed that the combination treatment differentially activated and enhanced the activities of AChE, CarE, GST, CAT, and SOD. Meanwhile, BdCarE was significantly inhibited and upregulating BdGSTD7, BdGSTS1, BdCYP4ae1, BdPOD, BdPOD1, and BdCAT genes. In conclusion, the combination of deltamethrin and M. anisopliae CQMa421 enhanced the insecticidal efficacy against B. dorsalis, significantly affected the activity of related detoxification enzymes. Provided a robust basis for integrating biological and chemical control strategies to manage B. dorsalis more effectively.

This study explores the link between receiving basic income support (BIS) and political alienation in Germany, with a focus on political trust and satisfaction with democracy. We argue that receiving BIS is associated with experiences of material and social exclusion and impairs subjective social integration. Against the background of major structural welfare reforms in recent decades, we assume that BIS recipients are likely to attribute responsibility for their socio-economic disadvantages to the wider political system. We use data from the Panel Study Labour Market and Social Security (PASS) for the years 2019–2021 and employ multivariate regression analysis. We find that political alienation is more likely to occur among recipients of BIS, especially long-term recipients, than among non-recipients. Social exclusion is an important mechanism: With a higher risk of material deprivation and fewer opportunities for social participation and civic engagement than non-recipients, BIS recipients are more likely to experience subjective social exclusion, which, in turn, contributes to their political alienation. Moreover, our study offers indications that trustful and supportive interactions with welfare authorities can mitigate tendencies of political alienation among BIS recipients.