This chapter reviews the current state of knowledge with regards to language control in bilingual aphasia. First, an overview of bilingual language processing and language control in healthy bilinguals is provided. Then, language impairment and recovery patterns in bilingual aphasia are discussed and the influence of language control and linguistic similarity are highlighted. Next, the relationship between bilingual language control and cognitive control is reviewed with attention given to the potential overlap between linguistic and nonlinguistic control mechanisms. Then, case studies and experiments that specifically examine linguistic and nonlinguistic control processes in bilingual aphasia are discussed, focusing on a variety of tasks and methodologies used to examine these processes. Finally, the chapter is concluded by discussing the role of language control in treatment and, specifically, its role in cross-language generalization.

In this chapter, we review what is known about the neural bases of language in, autism spectrum disorder (ASD), focusing on structural and functional investigations in studies of infants, children, and adults. While language impairment is not a core symptom of ASD, most children show significant delays and many continue to experience significant deficits. First, we summarize the range of methods used to investigate brain structure and function in ASD and the challenges in conducting neuroimaging research with this population. Then we survey the research on children and adults to highlight some of the major findings that characterize the neural underpinnings of language in ASD. Since ASD is a neurodevelopmental disorder, there is growing interest in understanding the developmental origins of heterogeneous language profiles. Thus, we then provide a detailed review of this literature, which highlights the very early emergence of atypical neural structure and function in ASD. We end by drawing some tentative conclusions and identifying gaps in the literature that point to future directions for research on language in ASD.

In this chapter, we discuss practical ways One Health approaches can be integrated into legal and policy action from the lens of the environment sector, to deliver improved human, animal, and ecosystem health outcomes. Relevance to specific processes are highlighted: (1) national implementation of global environmental conventions, including in laws and policy frameworks; (2) environmental and social impact assessment; and 3) local governance systems, including in and around protected areas. Examination of these topics is ground-truthed by national, regional, and subnational examples, including from Liberia, building on lessons from the country’s robust multi-sectoral One Health coordination platform that can guide One Health action at all levels. We also explore the relevance of One Health economics to guide law and policy decisions frameworks in reducing environmental degradation and other trade-offs and maximising societal co-benefits. Finally, we discuss how industry standards and voluntary frameworks, such as the IUCN Green List Standard and its accompanying One Health tools, can have a supporting role in advancing good governance and multi-sectoral management for conservation and health outcomes.

The adoption of the Deforestation-free Products Regulation represents a significant step forward in the protection of forests, both in the EU and in non-EU countries. In particular, it aims at minimising the risk of deforestation and forest degradation associated with products that contain, have been fed with, or have been made using certain commodities (cattle, cocoa, coffee, oil palm, rubber, soya, and wood). Environmental protection is achieved through provisions affecting the placing and making available of and export from the EU market of the relevant products, including a due diligence framework to ensure that such commodities are deforestation-free and legal under the law of the country of origin. While the Regulation has a clear environmental goal, it could also be seen as an operationalisation of the One Health approach as it tackles several drivers of environmental degradation (land-use change, biodiversity decline, and GHG emissions/climate change). In particular, this Regulation makes for a noteworthy case study in light of its extraterritorial reach, and it is examined in view of the unacknowledged ramifications for the One Health.

For centuries, scientists have pondered how humans translate thought into language and where language processes occur in the brain. This chapter focuses on modern advances in both psycholinguistics (the field focused on specifying the psychological processes that mediate language behaviors) and neurolinguistics (the field focused on determining the neural correlates of linguistic skills), with a heavier emphasis on the latter, due to the recent tendency to combine psycholinguistic and neurolinguistic aspects into a single model. Given that both psycholinguistics and neurolinguistics have roots in work started by aphasiologists in the mid 19th century, the chapter begins with a historical overview of the neurobiology of language and aphasia before turning to developments in these fields within the last 20 years. The review centers on contemporary neurolinguistic and psycholinguistic models of semantics, phonology, and syntax and the corresponding evidence for these models drawn primarily from studies of neurologically healthy adults and individuals with aphasia.

Advances in healthcare have significantly increased global life expectancy, but this progress comes with societal and individual costs, notably a rise in age-related diseases like dementia. Given the limited availability of pharmacological solutions for cognitive aging, the scientific community is exploring healthy life experiences that can mitigate aging by enhancing reserve—the ability to withstand neural damage and maintain cognitive function. This chapter reviews neuroscientific evidence for one such experience: bilingualism. Managing multiple languages can enhance executive functions such as attention, task-switching, and working memory, contributing to greater reserve. Studies show that bilingual individuals often experience a delayed onset of dementia symptoms compared to monolinguals, suggesting a protective effect on neurocognitive health. We explore the relationship between bilingualism and different sub-mechanisms of reserve, with a particular focus on neuroimaging studies.

We propose an account of neural mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of bilingualism on aging. By combining different theoretical models, we argue that the neuroprotective effects result from bilingualism-induced neuroplastic changes, consistent with the reserve model. Finally, we discuss the broader socio-economic implications of these findings, emphasizing the importance of understanding connections between bilingualism and reserve development.

The study of individuals with hippocampal damage and amnesia provides a compelling opportunity to directly test the role of declarative memory to communication and language. Over the past two decades, we have documented disruptions in discourse and conversation as well as in more basic aspects of language in individuals with hippocampal amnesia including at the word, phrase, and sentence level across offline and online language processing tasks. This work highlights the critical contribution of hippocampal-dependent memory to language and communication and suggests that hippocampal damage or dysfunction is a risk factor for a range of language and communicative disruptions even in the absence of frank disorders of amnesia or aphasia. This work also raises questions about the reality and utility of the historical distinction between communication and language in defining cognitive-communication disorders as individuals with isolated memory impairments show deficits that cut across both communication and language.

Music is among the most important factors of the human experience. It draws on core perceptual-cognitive functions including those most relevant to speech-language processing. Consequently, musicians have been a model for understanding neuroplasticity and its far-reaching transfer effects to perception, action, cognition, and linguistic brain functions. This chapter provides an overview of these perceptual-cognitive benefits that music exerts on the brain with specific reference to spillover effects it has on speech and language functions. We highlight cross-sectional and longitudinal findings on music’s impact on the linguistic brain ranging from psychophysical benefits to enhancements of higher-order cognition. We also emphasize commonalities and distinctions in brain plasticity afforded by experience in the speech and music domains, drawing special attention to cross-domain transfer effects (or lack thereof) in how musical training influences linguistic processing and vice versa.

In this chapter we argue that One Health approaches indicate the need for a re-conceptualisation of public health law. From a regulatory perspective, to address public health effectively we need to attend to our interdependencies with each other, with other animals, and with the environment. This chapter argues that a failure to recognise the interdependence between humans and nature unnecessarily limits the scope of public health law, as it restricts the regulatory interventions and actors available to achieve desired public health outcomes. One Health offers an opportunity to broaden our understanding of what it means to regulate public health in a non-anthropocentric manner. It also allows us to acknowledge that non-state actors that advance animal and environmental health via standard-setting, gathering information, and influencing behaviour can mitigate risks to public health. A core function of public health is prevention and re-conceptualising the scope and actors involved in public health law to encompass the more holistic approach suggested by One Health that is critical to its continued evolution as the twenty-first century progresses.

Indigenous Knowledges, and its evolution across pre- and post-colonial Australia, provide a demonstrated understanding and application of practices beyond One Health. Despite being most impacted by the failures of adopting interdisciplinary One Health approaches, Indigenous Knowledges provide critical methodologies and governance structures to implement and understand the relationship between people, animals, and Country. This chapter explores methods to reconceptualise and reorientate One Health understanding within Australia by aspiring to pre-colonial Indigenous ways of being and doing. Importantly, it also draws upon the post-colonial involvement and learnings of Indigenous peoples in Australia, integrating through self-determination or forced into modern economies and society.

The One Health policy framework offers an appealing model to policy advocates disillusioned with the sustainable use narrative. Through membership of the African Union, South Africa has endorsed the One Health Approach, and the concept recently found renewed resonance in a major high-level government wildlife policy review. This work considers the One Health Framework in detail, arguing that the theoretical appeal of acknowledging the overlapping dependencies that unpin the framework is in practice entirely inadequate to arrest and reverse the destruction of the environment and the institutionalised suffering of animals. This is in part because the framework seeks to balance short-term easily quantifiable commercial benefits to humans with longer-term externalised harms to non-humans and the broader environment. This work explores further how the One Health Framework might be developed to remediate this deficiency, especially in the context of South Africa’s transformative constitutional legal framework, which requires positive action from the state to secure defined and often conflicting socio-economic and environmental outcomes.

Drafted by international animal law scholars and attorneys, the Convention on Animal Protection for Public Health, Animal Well-Being, and the Environment (CAP) was designed to help secure the interests of not just animals but also the environment we share. Delving into the context and contours of the CAP as an umbrella convention, this chapter first discusses the need to provide for more robust animal protections as part of a genuine One Health model. Next, the chapter observes how states have failed to enshrine such protections into international law. Then, we explore whether the CAP can manifest meaningful change. Exploring how CAP’s provision for additional protocols will enable the treaty to grow more robust with time, the chapter discusses prospects for its ratification and explores how it would complement existing animal-related treaties and concludes by emphasizing how CAP, if ratified, would dramatically improve the landscape for animals, the environment, and humankind.