Language is a symbolic system, but it is often used metarepresentationally for indexical conformations of communal sharing, iconic conformations of authority ranking, and concrete operation one-to-one correspondence conformations of equality matching. Speakers of English, Mooré, Chinese, and, apparently, Proto-Indo-European and Turkish, rely on words whose original, nonsocial-relational meaning concerns dimensions or magnitudes. There are several reasons why typological study of lexicons is illuminating with regard to conformations. Language always provides the opportunity to convergently validate the other kinds of evidence available for any society. Also, there may be conformational dimensions apparent in language that are not easily seen in other media. Language also conforms third-party relationships that are otherwise difficult to conform, and makes it possible to formulate complex ideas about conformations. Finally, language provides enormous samples of metarepresentations of conformations, permitting analyses that could not be done with the smaller available samples of conformations themselves.

This chapter traces early migration from Europe during the Gold Rush and the change from multiculturalism to monoculturalism with the advent of the White Australia policy. However, it focuses primarily on first-generation migrant writers from Europe following World War II. The chapter argues that migration should be viewed through the lens of heterogeneity, shaped by geographic, cultural, linguistic and class disparities. The chapter discusses how first-generation migrants existed as ethnic minorities who often experienced hostility and were directed towards manual employment. It examines the emergence of ethnically specific periodicals, following by literary journals, literary and cultural associations, poetry collections, and anthologies. The chapter identifies a predominant theme of nostalgia, with related elements of loss and hope. Another identified theme is social justice, including empathy for the impact of displacement felt by Aboriginal peoples and a support of Aboriginal sovereignty.

The Ottoman conquest of the mountains resembled in many respects the process of upland colonization around the world from the eighteenth century until today. This particular expansion of state power into the mountains – variously termed centralization, internal colonization, or conquest – has led to dramatic transformations of governance, ideas of difference (race, ethnicity, national identity), religion, economy, class and society, and the environment. So dramatic were these transformations that they gave rise to conditions that would facilitate the extreme violence of the Armenian massacres in the 1890s and the Medz Yeghern during World War I.

In an era of interconnected crises – from climate change to biodiversity loss – transformative solutions require collaboration at scale. This chapter explores how public-private-philanthropic partnerships (4Ps) can unlock new funding models, amplify impact, and drive systemic change. It introduces pooled funds as a game-changing approach, demonstrating how aggregating resources across sectors can mobilize capital for high-impact initiatives.

Through compelling case studies, the chapter illustrates how aligned interests between businesses, governments, and philanthropy can catalyze sustainable development – from empowering smallholder farmers to financing global land restoration efforts. It also confronts the challenges hindering 4Ps from reaching their full potential and offers actionable strategies for overcoming them.

The first set of chapters operates at the level of patrons and their communities—imperial and local—to grapple with architectural rebuilding as a mechanism through which shared pasts, presents, and futures were articulated and substantiated. Chapter 1 examines architectural rebuilding as an ideological virtue. In particular, it looks to evidence from Roman and late antique histories, coins, and inscribed statue bases to chart the place and shape of architectural rebuilding (in comparison with and juxtaposition to new construction projects) within the broader commemorative landscape of honor and virtue in cities across the Mediterranean.

The world is racing against time to finance the transition to a low-carbon economy, yet less than 2% of global philanthropic capital is directed toward climate solutions. Meanwhile, institutional investors control trillions in assets but hesitate to fund green infrastructure in emerging markets, citing high risks and fragmented markets.

This chapter presents the Green Development and Investment Accelerator (GDIA) – a bold new mechanism that leverages philanthropy to de-risk investment opportunities, lower capital costs, and mobilize large-scale private finance for climate action. By integrating philanthropy into a structured five-step de-risking process, GDIA aims to align policies, optimize sectoral coordination, and scale investible projects for institutional investors. A call to action for foundations, policymakers, and private investors, this chapter argues that philanthropy’s greatest impact lies not just in grants, but in unlocking billions for climate finance.

Chapter 5 shifts the focus from the text to the reader (both the translator and the target-text reader) and the reading process. The misguided belief that reading is decoding and that there is an objective meaning hidden in the text has in turn facilitated the view that translation consists of recoding the decoded meaning into another language, namely, reproducing the objective meaning present in the source text. By providing a more accurate understanding of reading, this chapter presents a more accurate view of translation. It summarizes what reading as an interactive process means for the craft of the translator, including such concepts as background knowledge and its relation to specialized texts, new and old information, word meaning as activation of a potential meaning within a particular text, word meaning and dictionaries, and the translator as a reader. Additional topics discussed are reading and language directionality in translation; reading for translation purposes; and reading in translation process research.

This chapter discusses early Chinese writing in Australian Chinese periodicals at the turn of the twentieth century, which was then followed largely by an absence of Asian voices in Australian anthologies until the late 1950s. It critiques the early anthologies that turned attention to Asia as either focusing only on ‘Australian’ perceptions of Asia or separated ‘Australian’ and ‘Asian’ writers along lines of ethnicity. It discusses the publication of poetry collections by Asian Australian poets as occurring in the late 1980s and 1990s and the emergence of Asian Australian studies in the 1990s in light of American Asian studies. It critiques the limitations of an ‘Asian Australian’ framework along with the tendency to homogenise migrant writers under the rubric of multiculturalism in late twentieth-century Australia. It discusses the emergence of literary magazines as forums for Asian Australian writing and as developing cross-cultural solidarities, and anthologies, criticism and writing that has foregrounded diasporic frameworks and intersectionality. The chapter then undertakes analysis of four major recent writers.

As Fernand Braudel astutely noted six decades ago, the history of people living in the mountains has often been overlooked. This omission has real consequences. Out of the forty-five conflicts in the world at the beginning of the 2020s, thirty-four of them were taking place in mountainous regions. In many cases, the histories of these conflicts can be traced back to nineteenth-century turning points when lowland states gained the technological means to exercise power in mountain areas, changing the lives of the inhabitants forever.

This chapter begins with outlining the repeated appeal from non-Indigenous Australians to share in the heritage of First Nations people without recognition of the ongoing impact of colonialism. It argues that one devastating consequence was the loss or endangering of many first languages of Australia. The chapter considers the relationship between poetry, language and Country, described by Alexis Wright as ‘library land’. Foregrounding the immeasurable significance of these archives of land and lived cultural practice, the chapter details the differences between Aboriginal oral traditions and the translation of Indigenous song poetry into a written context. Aboriginal women’s poetry of mourning and lament, milkarri, is discussed, the chapter pointing out that the power of such songs remains with those to whom the songs belong and the Country that has created the songs. It turns attention to attempted translations of Aboriginal song into English by Eliza Dunlop and then more contemporary translations of Indigenous oral traditions, such as John Bradley’s bilingual book co-authored by Yanuwa families, Stuart Cooke’s translation of Kimberley song cycles, and the Queensland University Press bilingual anthologies of Aboriginal song cycles. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the translation history of the Moon Bone cycle.

This chapter highlights the dual function of theōria– the practice of travelling to witness extraordinary spectacles – as a communal activity and a deeply personal religious experience. Using the festival of the Theoxenia as a case study, this chapter explores the personal and shared experiences of the performers of Pindar’s Sixth Paean; these include awe, belonging, and cooperation – emotions vital to the festival’s success and born of rigorous training in complex choreographic routines. Furthermore, this chapter posits that choral poetry and performance are intrinsically linked, as the structure of poetry supports dancers’ coordination and learning. The resulting profound awe among performers and spectators is not only a testament to human collaboration but also prepares participants for divine encounters. Ultimately, the personal experiences in these festivals underscore the importance of individual emotional journeys in achieving successful communal rites. These individual accounts reveal how personal examination and preparation for divine interaction enhance the collective experience and highlight the transformative power of theōria on those who learn to dance together.

This chapter considers the role of periodicals, little magazines and literary clubs in fostering communities of Australian poets in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. It discusses the importance of such communities in encouraging debate, circulating new poetries and encouraging generative connections between poets. The chapter discusses periodicals such as The Bulletin as a hub for what came to be known as the Bush School of poetry, and Vision that became an instrument for the poetics of the Lindsay circle. Yet it also discusses other little magazines such as The Heart of the Rose, The Triad and Stream. It considers the proliferation of literary clubs, which began as bastions of male homosociality but also began to include women writers or were for women only. It also discusses how periodicals and little magazines drew attention to and encouraged experimentation with new forms and concepts such as Symbolism and Vitalism. The chapter also includes the significance of literary magazines, some of which were supported by or emerged out of universities.

With the global funding gap for sustainable development widening, the private sector is emerging as a critical force in unlocking catalytic capital. This chapter explores how businesses and financial institutions are shifting from traditional corporate social responsibility (CSR) to strategic impact-driven investments that de-risk projects, attract capital, and drive systemic change.

Through real-world case studies from leading global corporations – Philips, UBS, Unilever, BNP Paribas, and Allianz – this chapter demonstrates how blended finance, public-private-philanthropic partnerships, and innovative funding mechanisms are mobilizing billions toward high-impact solutions. From health care transformation in Africa to blue finance for marine conservation, the private sector is rethinking its role in global development. This chapter makes a compelling case for businesses as catalysts of impact, bridging the gap between profit and purpose.