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The Great War of 1914¬–18 is often perceived in Britain and the former Dominions as bloody, stupid, ignorant, and unsophisticated in its conduct. Bloody it undoubtedly was. Over 900,000 British and Empire troops were killed, and nearly two million were wounded. Almost no family in the United Kingdom – nor the numerous Dominions for that matter – was left untouched. The British Empire fought in Africa, the Middle East, the Mediterranean, and as far away as German New Guinea. Yet, it was in Europe, in the great crucible of the Western Front, that the largest portion of British Empire casualties fell. The experience of the Australian Imperial Force (AIF) on the Western Front from 1916 to 1918 was inherent to the British Army’s experience. Australian infantrymen who arrived from the Mediterranean in 1916 went on to serve in almost every major British campaign on the Western Front until early October 1918. In those two years, the British Army underwent a learning process that resulted in a highly effective and disciplined force by the end of the war. The cost was high. By the November 1918 Armistice, tens of thousands of Empire troops were buried or remained unaccounted for in the shattered Picardy and Flanders landscapes.
Australian infantrymen were rigorously prepared for operations on the Western Front, and this is the basis of the notable successes of the Australian Imperial Force (AIF) during the war. It is relevant to note that the popular history of Australian infantry in the Great War does not include commissioned officers. As it goes, there are significant differences between the modern memory of Australian Great War infantrymen and the reality of their contributions and experiences. One is based in myth, the other a practical training and reinforcement process. The myth had its heritage in the Anzac legend, though the training regimen was equally important to service in the British Expeditionary Force (BEF). Both have contributed to a generally positive and enduring legacy. There were significant differences in the training received by those troops who enlisted in 1914 in comparison with the rigour of training undertaken by those who enlisted from 1916 to 1918. The factual history debunks the ‘super human’ qualities that Australian popular history sometimes bestows on its Great War infantrymen. Such matters are important; it is perhaps the body of men who served on the Western Front – and their battlefield record – that are the foundation for the Anzac legend. Indeed, the extraordinary deeds of the 1st AIF contrasted with the very ordinariness of the Australian troops themselves.
Students have an almost insurmountable task in understanding statistics in the psychological sciences and applying them to a research study. This textbook tackles this source of stress by guiding students through the research process, start to finish, from writing a proposal and performing the study, to analysing the results and creating a report and presentation. This truly practical textbook explains psychology research methods in a conversational style, with additional material of interest placed in focus boxes alongside, so that students don't lose their way through the steps. Every step is detailed visually with processes paralleled in both SPSS and R, allowing instructors and students to learn both statistical packages or to bridge from one to the other. Students perform hands-on statistical exercises using real data, and both qualitative and mixed-methods research are covered. They learn effective ways to present information visually, and about free tools to collect and analyse data.
The extraordinary creative energy of Renaissance Italy lies at the root of modern Western culture. In this magisterial study, Virginia Cox offers a fresh vision of this iconic moment in cultural history. Her lucid and absorbing book explores key artistic, literary and intellectual developments, as well as histories of food and fashion, map-making, exploration and anatomy. Alongside towering figures from Petrarch and Boccaccio to Leonardo, Machiavelli, and Isabella d'Este, Cox unveils lesser-known Renaissance protagonists including printers, travel writers, actresses, courtesans, explorers-even celebrity chefs. This extensively revised and expanded edition includes an incisive overview of Italy's relationship with the European and non-European worlds, embracing ethnic and religious diversity within Italy, the global dissemination and hybridization of Italian Renaissance culture, and Italian global encounters, including Jesuit missions to Asia. Pulling together the latest scholarship with original research and insight, Cox's book speaks both to general readers and specialists in the field.
What happens when Western law is no longer the default referent for legal modernity? This is a deceptively simple question, but its implications are significant for such fields as comparative law, international law, and law and development. Whereas much of comparative law is predicated on the idea that modern law flows West to East and North to South, this volume proposes the paradigm of 'Inter-Asian Law' (IAL), pointing to an emerging field of comparative law that explores the legal interactions between and among Asian jurisdictions. This volume is an experimental and preliminary effort to think through other beginnings and endings for law's movement from one jurisdiction to another, laying the grounds for new interactions between legal systems. In addition to providing an analytical framework to study IAL, the volume consists of fifteen chapters written by scholars from Asia and who study Asia that provide doctrinal and empirical accounts of IAL. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
With roots in the Homeric scholarship produced in the Library of Alexandria in the third and second centuries BCE, the ancient scholia to the Iliad constitute the richest and most extensive collection of ancient criticism on the most widely read poem in Greco-Roman antiquity. Excerpted from lost works of ancient scholarship and transmitted as marginal and interlinear comments in medieval manuscripts of the Iliad, these scholia contain a remarkable wealth of insights into the constitution of the Homeric text, the readings and editorial principles of ancient grammarians, the literary interpretations of ancient critics, and the lessons that ancient readers took from Homer. This volume provides the first English translation of the ancient scholia to Iliad books 1–2. With a clear and accessible introduction, extensive explanatory notes, and a glossary of ancient scholars, this book serves as the ideal guide to this complex and fascinating tradition.
How do law and morality relate to each other in Kant's philosophy? Is law to be understood merely as an application of general moral principles to legal institutions, or does law have its own normativity that cannot be traced back to that of morality? This volume of new essays is a comprehensive treatment of law and morality in Kant, which also sheds new light on Kant's practical philosophy more broadly. The essays present different approaches to this core issue and address related topics including the justification of legal coercion, the role of freedom and autonomy for law and politics, legal punishment and the question of its ethical presuppositions, moral luck, and the role of permissive laws in Kant's legal and political philosophy. The volume will be of interest to researchers and graduate students working on Kant's moral and legal philosophy. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
This Element describes early Chinese views of the heart-mind (xin 心) and its relation to the psychology of a whole person, including the body, affective and cognitive faculties, and the spirit (shén 神). It argues for a divergence in Warring States thought between 'mind-centered' and 'spirit-centered' approaches to self-cultivation. It surveys the Analects, Mengzi, Guanzi, Zhuangzi, Xunzi, Huainanzi, the Huangdi neijing, and excavated medical manuscripts from Mawangdui, as well as a brief comparative perspective to ancient Greek views of these topics. It argues for a contrast between post-Cartesian dualism and Chinese and Greek psycho-physicalism.
Augustine's Confessions, written between AD 394 and 400, is an autobiographical work which outlines his youth and his conversion to Christianity. It is one of the great texts of Late Antiquity, the first Western Christian autobiography ever written, and it retains its fascination for philosophers, theologians, historians, and scholars of religious studies today. This Critical Guide engages with Augustine's creative appropriation of the work of his predecessors in theology generally, in metaphysics, and in philosophy as therapy for the soul, and reframes a much discussed - but still poorly understood - passage from the Confessions with respect to recent philosophy. The volume represents the best of contemporary scholarship on Augustine's Confessions from a variety of disciplinary perspectives, and builds on existing scholarship to develop new insights, explore underappreciated themes, and situate Augustine in the thought of his own day as well as ours.
This Element provides an overview of FinTech branches and analyzes the associated institutional forces and economic incentives, offering new insights for optimal regulation. First, it establishes a fundamental tension between addressing existing financial inefficiencies and introducing new economic distortions. Second, it demonstrates that today's innovators have evolved from pursuing incremental change through conventional Fin-Tech applications to AI × crypto as the fastest-growing segment. The convergence of previously siloed areas is creating an open-source infrastructure that reduces entry costs and enables more radical innovation, further amplifying change. Yet this transformation introduces legal uncertainty and risks related to liability, cybercrime, taxation, and adjudication. Through case studies across domains, the Element shows that familiar economic tradeoffs persist, suggesting opportunities for boundary-spanning regulation. It offers regulatory solutions, including RegTech frameworks, compliance-incentivizing mechanisms, collaborative governance models, proactive enforcement of mischaracterizations, and alternative legal analogies for AI × crypto.
This Element presents a framework for analyzing the complexities of contracting, how these vary across circumstances, the ways contract managers can address challenges, and the skills of contract managers. The framework is grounded on central concepts. Market frictions are underlying imperfections that cause common contracting problems; contract management activities are the tasks and procedures that contract managers perform to prepare and execute the purchase; and skills are the ability to perform contract management activities that identify and mitigate frictions. These concepts are interdependent – market frictions can influence the efficacy of contract management activities, activities may reduce or increase the presence of frictions, and skills may influence both the choice and effectiveness of activities in addressing contracting challenges. Omitting any of these components is likely to result in misleading accounts of the root causes and potential solutions to contracting challenges.
Speech act theory has been foundational in establishing pragmatics as an independent field of inquiry; yet, recent pragmatic research appears to have drifted away from the theoretical investigation of speech acts. This Element explores the reasons why this is so, focusing on the difference of perspective that emerges when the scope of the discipline is viewed through a narrow versus a broad lens. Following an overview of the initial exposition of speech act theory by Austin, it tracks its evolution, through subsequent Searlean and Gricean elaborations, to the currently received view. This view is then found to have diverged substantially from Austin's original vision, largely due to its alignment with the narrow conception of pragmatics. Against this backdrop, it is suggested that embracing the broad take on the discipline can allow for a reintegration of Austin's vision into the way we theorise about speech acts.
Arguments from failure – arguments that an institution must expand its powers because another institution is failing in some way 'to do its job' – are commonplace. From structural reform litigation, where courts sometimes assume administrative or legislative functions, to the Uniting for Peace Resolution of the UN General Assembly, to the recent bill quashing British subpostmasters' convictions – such arguments are offered in justification for unorthodox exercises of public power. But in spite of their popularity, we lack a good understanding of these arguments in legal terms. This is partly because failure itself is a highly malleable concept and partly because arguments from failure blur into other more familiar legal doctrines about implied powers or emergencies. We can do better. We should recognize arguments from failure as a distinct concept of public law and understand that contemporary constitutional theory offers us tools to evaluate such arguments in different settings This title is also available as open access on Cambridge Core.
'What happens when a democratic state—still in the process of formation—commits to banning a substance, especially one as controversial as alcohol? This book traces the origins and evolution of alcohol prohibition in India, drawing on extensive archival research and rich vernacular sources to explain its surprising resilience over time. Since its inception, prohibition has served both as an ideal and a tool of state power—a dual role that has worked to shape its shifting trajectories. Each phase of enforcement has served to reaffirm prohibition's founding logic, thereby further embedding it in the machinery of governance—even as it has constrained its future implementation. Foregrounding intersections with caste and gender, the book illuminates how diverse social responses have made prohibition a deeply contested—sobering—yet enduring project. While prohibition may be a thing of the past in the West, history helps to keep it alive in India.'
This volume examines how the rise of Hindutva to power is linked to the interests of large corporations in neoliberal India. It interprets Hindutva as a fascist force and as a capitalist counter-revolution wearing a popular mask that demands a repressive imposition of order to facilitate accumulation. The book delves into different aspects of the relationship between Hindutva and large corporations. Various chapters cast in high relief how the fascist shields of religion and nationalism are deployed to further corporate profiteering. This book is also a reminder that fascism has inherent limitations and is incapable of resolving crises that give rise to it. However, its ascendance, albeit temporary, is causing widespread destruction. The volume argues that fascist destruction in contemporary India can only be effectively restricted by containing the ravages of neoliberalism and corporate loot.
This Element reconstructs Kant's puzzling statements about the moral feeling of respect (Achtung), which is 'a feeling self-wrought by means of a rational concept and therefore specifically different' from all common feelings (4:401n.). The focus is on the systematic position of respect within the framework of Kant's major works and within the faculties of the human mind. The concept of respect is discussed with regard to (i) the transcendental problem of noumenal causation in Kant's first Critique; (ii) the practical problem of moral motivation in Kant's second Critique; (iii) the aesthetic problem of feeling and the dynamic sublime in Kant's third Critique; and (iv) the problem of moral imputability and education in Kant's Religion and Metaphysics of Morals. By considering its self-reflective volitional structure, this Element argues for a compatibilist account of the moral feeling of respect, according to which both intellectualist and affectivist interpretations are true.
Confidently analyze, interpret and act on financial data with this practical introduction to the fundamentals of financial data science. Master the fundamentals with step-by-step introductions to core topics will equip you with a solid foundation for applying data science techniques to real-world complex financial problems. Extract meaningful insights as you learn how to use data to lead informed, data-driven decisions, with over 50 examples and case studies and hands-on Matlab and Python code. Explore cutting-edge techniques and tools in machine learning for financial data analysis, including deep learning and natural language processing. Accessible to readers without a specialized background in finance or machine learning, and including coverage of data representation and visualization, data models and estimation, principal component analysis, clustering methods, optimization tools, mean/variance portfolio optimization and financial networks, this is the ideal introduction for financial services professionals, and graduate students in finance and data science.
This volume of new essays offers a substantial, systematic and detailed analysis of how various Aristotelian doctrines are central to and yet in important ways transformed by Kant's thought. The essays present new avenues for understanding many of Kant's signature doctrines, such as transcendental idealism, the argument of the Transcendental Deduction, and the idea that moral law is given to us as a 'fact of reason,' as well as a number of other topics of central importance to Kant's theoretical and practical philosophy, including self-consciousness, objective validity, the Principle of Sufficient Reason, virtue, and the moral significance of the consequences of action. Two introductory essays outline the volume's central exegetical commitments and anchors its approach in the immediate historical context. The resulting volume emphasizes the continuities between Kant's Critical philosophy and the Scholastic-Aristotelian tradition, and presents, for the first time, a synoptic overview of this new, 'Aristotelian' reading of Kant.
Many western settler states are undertaking processes to improve Indigenous-settler relations. The primary focus is Canada, with some discussion of Australia, Aotearoa New Zealand, and the United States of America. This Element highlights myths promoted by explorers, settlers, and the state about Indigenous Peoples and history. It engages with and attempts to correct a selection of the misperceptions that have developed over the many centuries. I argue that the first 'foundational history wars' were advanced by European explorers, travellers, and settlers through the promotion of negative myths about Indigenous Peoples, as an accompaniment to settler colonialism. I distinguish these from 'modern history wars' from the 1960s to the 1990s. The goal is to provide a fuller history which critically engages settler myths, privileges Indigenous perspectives, and offers a robust and informed critique of dominant historical narratives. The larger goal is to promote truth as a necessary accompaniment to reconciliation.