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Scholars have long acknowledged that reforms after the Catholic Council of Trent (1545–63) represent a watershed in art history, yet they have failed to agree on whether, and how, they had any effect on art. In this study, Grace Harpster offers new insights on the impact of Catholic reform on early modern art. Exploring the social roles of images in late sixteenth-century Italy, she demonstrates that the pressures of Catholic reform increased, rather than limited, the authority of the image. Harpster approaches the topic through a focus on the zealous, peripatetic reformer Carlo Borromeo (1538–84), who implemented new ways to police and pray to sacred images after Trent. His actions demonstrate that Catholic reformers endorsed the image as a powerful object, truthteller, and miracle-worker. The diverse corpus of images on his itinerary, moreover, reveals the critical role of the sacred image in a formative religious and art historical moment.
This book tells the fascinating story of American English, tracing its emergence in the colonial period through to the present day. Written by a leading scholar, and drawing on data from the Linguistic Atlas Project, it explores how and why American English differs from British English, how it has been standardized, and how the USA's global political power has influenced its prominent status around the world. Illustrated with copious examples of language in use, it also surveys the various dialects of American English, including African American English, and explores social and cultural variation between English and other languages spoken in the United States. Each chapter explains the relevant terms and concepts from linguistics, and provides computer-based exercises. The author also introduces the basics of complexity science, showing how complex systems shape development and change in American English. Authoritative yet accessible, it will be essential reading for researchers and students alike.
The optical theory of light-scattering by nonspherical particles is fundamental to remote sensing of the atmosphere and ocean, as well as other areas of computational physics, medical scanning, and electromagnetics. At present, many training programs in light scattering are woefully lacking. This book fills the void in existing research on light-scattering research and training, particularly in the case of large scattering particles, and provides a solid foundation on which future research can be based, including suggestions for directions for further work in the field. With the elucidation of the theoretical basis for light scattering (particularly within the framework of the physical-geometric optics method) and the demonstration of practical applications, this book will be invaluable for training future scientists in the discipline of light scattering, as well as for researchers and professionals using remote sensing techniques to analyse the properties of the atmosphere and oceans, and in the area of biophotonics.
Practical Social Democracy develops a novel approach to reformist politics that is centred on the practical challenges parties face in navigating competing priorities across key dimensions of their activities. Containing comparative chapters and case studies of a range of countries and thematic areas by world-leading experts, it demonstrates how this approach can enrich debates about the contemporary challenges of social democracy as well as its historical evolution. The volume sheds light on patterns of social democratic policy-making and on the role of language, rhetoric, and ideology. By focusing on social democracy as one of the most important party families, the contributors elucidate key dilemmas confronting any political party and their role in democratic politics both in the traditional heartland of social democracy in Western Europe and beyond. An essential resource for scholars and students of social democracy, party politics, and European politics and political development.
Social media giants like Meta and transnational regulators such as the European Union are transforming private governance by creatively emulating public law frameworks. Drawing on exclusive interviews and in-depth analysis of Meta's Oversight Board and the EU's Digital Services Act, this book explores how these approaches blend European and American perspectives, bridging distinct legal traditions to address the challenges of platform governance. Analysis of content moderation practices and their implications uncovers a critical pattern in the evolution of governance for industries that will define the future, from digital platforms to emerging technologies. Combining public and private law in innovative ways, the book sheds light on bold governance experiments that will shape the digital world-for better or worse. This study offers crucial insights for understanding the next chapter of global governance in an increasingly interconnected and privatized world. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Charting a history of theatrical resistance to environmental exploitation, this study places drama and theatrical performance staged in Australia within the context of international scholarship to address major concerns about changing ecological systems. Exploring the staging of calamities ranging from droughts and floods to forest fires and rising seas, it examines a strikingly diverse body of work that reflects the entanglement of socio-economic and natural forces leading to ecological damage and climate change. Weather phenomena become protagonists in plays by Jack Davis, Andrea James, Louis Nowra and Hannie Rayson, while mutant creatures manifest climate threats in Jill Orr's work, and performances by the Australian Indigenous Marrugeku and Bangarra Dance Theatre invite grief for immense losses. Featuring First Nations performance and the profound knowledge of biodiverse multispecies habitats it presents, this study challenges the ways in which socio-ecological disaster is called 'natural' and positioned outside human responsibility.
What was the role of local history-writing in the early Islamic World, and why was it such a popular way of thinking about the past? In this innovative study, Harry Munt explores this understudied phenomenon. Examining primary sources in both Arabic and Persian, Munt argues that local history-writing must be situated within its appropriate historical contexts to explain why it was such a popular way of thinking about the past, more popular than most other contemporary forms of history-writing. The period until the end of the eleventh century CE saw many significant developments in ideas about community, about elite groups and about social authority. This study demonstrates how local history-writing played a key role in these developments, forming part of the way that Muslim scholars negotiated the dialogues between more universalist and more particularist approaches to the understanding of communities. Munt further demonstrates that local historians were participating in debates that ranged into disciplines far beyond history-writing.
For some Germans, Nazism represented an ecological outlook and a return to a simpler, healthier, more natural way of life founded on environmental harmony. That image fundamentally conflicts with the astonishing destructiveness of the Nazi military machine and its legacy of concentration camps, dictatorship, and mass murder. This study argues that these two facets of Nazism, the ecological and the imperial, were integrally intertwined. Peter Staudenmaier uses new archival evidence to examine this contested history, ranging from early organic farming movements to landscape protection advocates. In doing so, Staudenmaier reveals a remarkable range of practical endeavors in Nazi Germany that were shaped by ecological ideals coupled with potent racial myths. The Politics of Nature in Nazi Germany challenges previous scholarly frameworks, bringing together environmental history and the history of Nazism in new and revealing ways.
For centuries, Christians believed that the biblical letters of 1, 2, and 3 John were penned by a disciple of Jesus. Today, scholars speculate that the three are artifacts of a lost 'Johannine Community.' In this groundbreaking study, however, Hugo Méndez challenges both paradigms, meticulously laying out the evidence that the Epistles are, instead, a series of falsely authored works. The texts position themselves as works by a single author. In reality, they were penned by three different writers in a chain of imitation, creative adaptation, and invention. Through incisive, close readings of the Epistles, Méndez clarifies their meaning and purpose, demystifying their most challenging sections. And by placing these works in dialogue with Greco-Roman pseudo-historical writing, he uncovers surprising links between Classical and early Christian literature. Bold, comprehensive, and deeply original, this book dismantles older scholarly views while proposing new and exciting approaches to these enigmatic texts.
Until the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbour, America did not want war, with the 1930s marked by strong isolationism and an emphasis on defense. However, in December 1941, it wasn't defensive aircraft the Army Air Corps had been steadily procuring, but offensive long-range heavy bombers, whilst US pursuit planes were decidedly inferior to their European counterparts. In this new history of the development of American air power, Phillip Meilinger dispels the notion that young air zealots pushed for a bomber-heavy force, revealing instead the technological, economic and bureaucratic forces which shaped the air force. He examines the role of scientists and engineers, developments in commercial aviation, and conflicting priorities of the Army and Air Corps, as well as how these were in turn influenced by America's political leaders. Building an Air Force is essential for understanding a conflict in which whoever controlled the skies controlled the land and seas beneath.
Why do some communities rise up in protest while others stay silent? In Making Protest Sarah J. Lockwood takes readers into the heart of urban South Africa – the world's so-called protest capital – to uncover the hidden figures behind modern mobilization: protest brokers. These intermediaries link political elites with ordinary citizens, enabling movements that might otherwise never ignite. Drawing on over two years of immersive fieldwork, unique life histories, surveys, and original datasets, Lockwood reveals how brokers shape where, how, and why protests happen – and why some efforts succeed while others fizzle. As a result, this study challenges how we think about activism, power, and the machinery behind social change. With important insights on democracy, protest, and the politics of everyday life, this book exposes the unseen networks driving collective actions – and why understanding them is vital in our era of rising global dissent.
'Why is there something rather than nothing?' is a question that is arguably as old as philosophy itself. Nevertheless, despite the fact that it is of perennial philosophical, scientific, and religious interest, it receives less attention than many other classic questions in philosophy. And despite continued fascination with 'the Question', and its status as one of the great intellectual mysteries, there are few academic book-length discussions of the subject. This book serves as the definitive guide to the Question. It includes a discussion of the proper interpretation of the Question, whether it can be expected to have an answer, an overview of the major answers which have been proposed, and, most significantly, a new and innovative explanation for why there is something rather than nothing.
Aristotle's account of justice has inspired thinkers as diverse as Thomas Aquinas and Martha Nussbaum. Concepts such as distributive justice, equity, the common good, and the distinction between just and unjust political organizations find articulations in his writings. But although Aristotle's account of justice remains philosophically relevant, its intellectual, social, and political origins in the Mediterranean world of the fourth century BCE have often been overlooked. This book places Aristotle's account of justice in dialogue with his fourth-century intellectual colleagues such as Plato, Xenophon, and Isocrates, and allows it to be understood within the framework of fourth-century institutions as they were experienced by citizens of ancient Greek political communities. It thus provides the modern reader with the framework which Aristotle presupposed for his original work in antiquity, including the intellectual debates which formed its context.
Understanding Modern Warfare has established itself as a leading text in professional military education and undergraduate teaching. This third edition has been revised throughout to reflect dramatic changes during the past decade. Introducing three brand new chapters, this updated volume provides in-depth analysis of the most pertinent issues of the 2020s and beyond, including cyber warfare, information activities, hybrid and grey zone warfare, multi-domain operations and recent conflicts in Ukraine, Gaza, and Syria. It also includes a range of features to maximise its value as a learning tool: a structure designed to guide students through key strategic principles; key questions and annotated reading guides for deeper understanding; text boxes highlighting critical thinkers and operational concepts; and a glossary explaining key terms. Providing debate driven analysis that encourages students to develop a balanced perspective, Understanding Modern Warfare remains essential reading both for officers and for students of international relations more broadly.
In this tapestry of intersecting stories, including those of her own family, Rashauna Johnson charts the global transformation of a rural region in Louisiana from European colonialism to Jim Crow. From her ancestor Virgil to her cousin Veronica and her hand-sewn Mardi Gras memorial suit more than a century later, this history is one of triumphs and trauma, illustrating the ways people of African descent have created sites of endurance, belonging, and resistance. Johnson uses her grandmother's birthplace in East Feliciana as a prism to illuminate foundational, if fraught, aspects of US history including colonialism, slavery, war, citizenship, and unfinished freedom. The result is a portrait of the world in a family, a family in a region, and a region in the world that insists on the bristling and complicated relationships of people to place and creates a new understanding of what it means to be American.
For centuries, women have organized and hosted social gatherings known as 'salons,' which have served as sites of women's creativity and agency in the arts, sciences, and letters – especially music. This volume offers new understandings of women's musical salons across four centuries from North America, Latin America, Europe, North Africa, and the Ottoman Empire, foregrounding an often-overlooked platform of women's musicianship in cross-cultural perspective. Drawing on disciplines including musicology, ethnomusicology, women's and gender studies, cultural and performance studies, film studies, art history, anthropology, and Jewish studies, the authors present a new history of women and music through the lens of musical salon culture. The twenty-five case studies included in the book present an array of practices and manifestations of the institution of musical salons. These cases demonstrate how women from a wide range of social and cultural backgrounds used salons as sites of agency, shaping their musical environments according to their distinctive interests and ideals.
This volume offers literary histories and analyses of a wide range of genres in African literature and verbal arts. It provides a holistic and accessible presentation of African literary history that incorporates different types of texts, different regions of the continent, and different languages (English, French, Swahili, Hausa). Both genres with a longer history and those with more recent histories in Africa receive attention. The genres covered include memoirs, travelogues, Shairi, protest poetry, activist theatre, dictator novels, child soldier narratives, prison writing, speculative fiction, market literature, environmental literature, graphic narrative, and queer writing. The volume furnishes overviews of other genres such as campus narrative, crime fiction, and romance. Genres belonging to popular culture as well as those associated with high literary forms are discussed. This collection of literary histories also shows how popular and high literary cultures have intersected and diverged in different locations across Africa since the early 1900s.
What is the biggest challenge for the writing of early Christian history? As Markus Vinzent suggests in this study, it is not the interpretation of material evidence. Rather, it is the interpreter herself or himself. Unlike most historical studies, which aim at keeping to sources, facts, and close readings of texts as objectively as possible, Vinzent here offers a new approach: autobiographical historiography and personal methodological reflection, including test cases that advocate transparency, courage, and willingness to be challenged. He takes the reader on a journey through the notions of 'space', 'space in-between', 'the argument from silence', 'cognitive historiography' and 'evolution', 'time', 'scholarship', 'evidence/fact', 'tradition' and 'future'. Proposing a contemporary, post-postmodern reading of history that goes far beyond the field of Early Christianity, Vinzent's anachronological study interrogates traditional historical approaches and challenges both conservative and progressive scholars and students to contradict, engage with, and argue over established interpretations of events.
Why did charity become the outlet for global compassion? Charity After Empire traces the history of humanitarian agencies such as Oxfam, Save the Children and Christian Aid. It shows how they obtained a permanent presence in the alleviation of global poverty, why they were supported by the public and how they were embraced by governments in Britain and across Africa. Through several fascinating life stories and illuminating case studies across the UK and in countries such as Botswana, Zimbabwe and Kenya, Hilton explains how the racial politics of Southern Africa shaped not only the history of international aid but also the meaning of charity and its role in the alleviation of poverty both at home and abroad. In doing so, he makes a powerful case for the importance of charity in the shaping of modern Britain over the extended decades of decolonization in the latter half of the twentieth century.