In her chapter, Rosie Lavan explores Eavan Boland’s relationship to two post-Revival poets, Padraic Fallon and Sheila Wingfield. These under-studied writers occupy an insecure position with respect to the legacies of the literary revival, particularly the work of Yeats. This was especially true of Fallon who believed Yeats’s influence to be deleterious to poets who followed him. As many critics have pointed out, Boland’s engagement with the Irish poetic tradition, particularly its emphasis on male mastery, is both powerful and ambivalent, for despite the critical gaze she trains on this tradition she is able to recognize and make use of Yeats’s poetic bequest. As Lavan shows, Wingfield provided a counter influence in the sense that her work depicted the struggle with the pressures of time. To resign herself to time, Boland came to understand, is to come to a fuller understanding of how she defines herself as a poet.

The chapter will help you to be able to explain what PTSD is and how it typically presents, including the nature of trauma memories and associated re-experiencing, describe and use evidence-based CBT protocols for PTSD, choose and use appropriate formulation models for CBT for PTSD, describe the importance of reprocessing in any treatment plan, develop a treatment plan for CBT for PTSD, and take account of comorbidity in managing CBT for PTSD.

This chapter outlines a framework for understanding what drives city governments in the early twenty-first century to engage in environmental protection efforts in the absence of mandates or generous subsidies from higher levels of government. The chapter begins by emphasizing is the central preoccupation at the local level with promoting economic growth, partly to fund the services that local governments provide, such as police and firefighting. The chapter distinguishes between two archetypal categories of environmental problems: local public goods problems, such as the need to collect solid waste or inadequate green space, that local residents benefit from addressing; and global public goods problems, such as planetary warming, that people throughout the world benefit from addressing. Local elites may push from “the top” for measures, such as building parks and collecting garbage, that simultaneously will improve the local environment and promote economic growth by making their cities more attractive to existing and new residents. In addition, community groups may push from “the bottom” for measures to improve the local as well as the global environment, such as limiting planetary warming. However, U.S. local governments are likely to resist imposing costs on local actors to address global environmental problems, such as limiting climate change, because of localities’ nested position as relatively small entities within a large federation competing for businesses and residents. Left to their own devices, local governments are more likely to undertake measures that will yield local benefits, such as improvements in the health of local residents and the beautification of the local environment. For cities to contribute meaningfully to addressing the global task of limiting planetary warming, local activists will need to mobilize over a sustained period to maintain the pressure on local officials who are sensitive to the need to cultivate local economic prosperity.

The chapter on insolubles in Ockham’s Summa Logicae is a short appendix inserted toward the end of Part III-3 in chapter 46, alongside a section on obligations, after the treatment of the Topics and before the transition to the material on the Sophistical Refutations. By Ockham’s own admission, the purpose of the section is not to leave “so great a part of logic completely untouched.” Despite the concise character of the exposition, however, Ockham’s analysis of insoluble propositions is notable for his usual clarity of style and purpose, and by the adoption of a standard medieval solution to semantic paradoxes based on a principle of restriction on self-referential expressions containing the predicates ‘true’ or ‘false.’ The present chapter discusses Ockham’s solution and examples in detail, presenting them in the broader context of coeval discussions of semantic paradoxes from the first quarter of the fourteenth century and against the backdrop of Ockham’s own semantic theory.

Rebecca Sandefur (Arizona State) and Mathew Burnett (American Bar Foundation) – one a MacArthur Genius Award-winning sociologist, the other a longtime leader on access-to-justice issues – explore ways to reform legal services regulation, from relaxing UPL rules (to welcome new providers into the system) to relaxing Rule 5.4’s bar on nonlawyer ownership of law firms (to make available new sources of capital investment). After reviewing existing empirical evidence, they argue in favor of the former, in order to spur new human-centered service models, as against longer-term and less proven reforms altering law firm ownership.

Question 1: Which of the following about obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) is FALSE?

The chapter will help you to be able to explain what Illness Anxiety Disorder is and how it typically presents, including preoccupation with a serious illness and the resultant changes in attentional focus and safety behaviours, describe and use Salkovskis, Warwick and Deale’s CBT protocol for Illness Anxiety Disorder, develop a treatment plan for CBT for Illness Anxiety Disorder, using appropriate measures and take account of comorbidity in managing CBT for Illness Anxiety Disorder, including depression and panic disorder

New York City’s policy efforts in the first two decades of the twenty-first century emphasize the potential for local governments to materially improve their local environments. During the mayoralty of Michael Bloomberg (2002-2013), the city government sought from the top to remake the city’s physical environment to appeal to postindustrial elites to promote local economic development. Under Mayor Bill de Blasio (2014-2021), the administration explicitly prioritized equity alongside economic growth and this commitment was reflected in environmental policy in a focus on investing in community parks. Under both mayors, environmental policy came from community groups, as well as city leaders. For example, across the two administrations, prominent environmental justice advocates prompted the city to adopt measures to address longstanding inequities in the allocation of responsibility for solid waste management, although the injustices persisted at the end of the de Blasio administration. Overall, the history of New York City’s efforts to address problems such as lack of greenspace, contaminated lands, and solid waste management underscores that change can come from the top and the bottom, but that there are legal, fiscal and other constraints on the ability of cities to address even paradigmatically local environmental problems.

Humanity’s impact on the planet is undeniable. Fairly and effectively addressing environmental problems begins with understanding their causes and impacts. Is over-population the main driver of environmental degradation? Poverty? Capitalism? Poor governance? Imperialism? Patriarchy? Clearly these are not technical questions, but political ones.

Updated to cover new debates, data, and policy, and expanded to include chapters on colonialism, race and gender, and the impacts of energy and resource extraction, this book introduces students to diverse perspectives and helps them develop an informed understanding of why environmental problems occur.

How the international community should act is deeply contested. Guiding students through the potential responses, including multilateral diplomacy, transnational voluntary action, innovative financial mechanisms, problem displacement, consumer-focused campaigns, and resistance, this book explains the different forms of political action, their limitations and injustices.

Online resources include lecture slides, a test bank for instructors, updated weblinks to videos, and suggested readings for students.

Many scholars argue that Ockham is ontologically committed to non-present temporalia. Often, that claim is defended by an appeal to Ockham’s account of the truth conditions for tensed propositions, which these scholars argue entails that a true tensed proposition presupposes non-present temporalia. I argue, however, that the truth conditions that Ockham provides for tensed propositions entail no such thing. For, according to the account that Ockham provides, a tensed proposition is true just in case some equivalent present-tense proposition was (will be) true. A present-tense proposition is ontologically committing only when it is true, however, and, at those times at which it is true, the things it presupposes are presently existing things, not non-present temporalia. Consequently, the claim that Ockham is committed to non-present temporalia cannot be defended by appeal to his account of the truth conditions for tensed propositions.

Question 1: Which of the following statements about paedophilia is FALSE?

Philip [V],1 the Macedonian king, persuaded Dikaiarchos of Aitolia, a man of daring, to become a pirate, and gave him twenty ships.2 He ordered him to levy tribute on the islands and to aid the Cretans in their war against the Rhodians. According to these instructions, he plundered merchants and through robbery exacted money from the islands.