The notion that individuals differ in their response to environmental influences has become an important concept in the field of psychology. Since Belsky’s first proposition – based on evolutionary considerations – that individuals might vary in their susceptibility to their rearing environment, similar theories emerged and the last thirty years have seen a steady increase of empirical work confirming differential susceptibility. In this chapter, I am reviewing the development of Belsky’s differential susceptibility hypothesis including consideration of early precursors of individual differences in environmental sensitivity, and the development and contribution of diathesis-stress as well as vantage sensitivity. After summarising the current state of knowledge, several outstanding questions are discussed. This chapter concludes that Belsky’s notion of differential susceptibility has led to a paradigm shift in the field of developmental psychology and represents an example of how application of evolutionary theory can innovate and advance knowledge in psychology.

This chapter introduces the network machine learning landscape, bridging traditional machine learning with network-specific approaches. It defines networks, contrasts them with tabular data structures, and explains their ubiquity in various domains. The chapter outlines different types of network learning systems, including single vs. multiple network, attributed vs. non-attributed, and model-based vs. non-model-based approaches. It also discusses the scope of network analysis, from individual edges to entire networks. The chapter concludes by addressing key challenges in network machine learning, such as imperfect observations, partial network visibility, and sample limitations. Throughout, it emphasizes the importance of statistical learning in generalizing findings from network samples to broader populations, setting the stage for more advanced concepts in subsequent chapters.

Chapter 4 covers the topic of persistent depressive disorder or dysthymia, and premenstrual dysphoric disorder. Through a case vignette with topical MCQs for consolidation of learning, readers are brought through the diagnosis of a patient with dysthymia. We also explore the presentation and treatment of premenstural dysphoric disorder and how to differentiate it from premenstural syndrome. Topics covered include the symptoms, psychopathology, treatment including psychological therapies, pharmacological treatment including antidepressants.

The chapter will help you to be able to explain what Social Anxiety Disorder is and how it typically presents, including distorted mental representations and selective focus of attention, describe and use evidence-based CBT protocols for Social Anxiety Disorder, choose and use appropriate formulation models for CBT for Social Anxiety Disorder, describe the importance of using exposure to social situations in any treatment plan, develop a treatment plan for CBT for Social Anxiety Disorder, using appropriate measures, and take account of comorbidity in managing CBT for Social Anxiety Disorder

Humanity’s impact on the planet is undeniable. Fairly and effectively addressing environmental problems begins with understanding their causes and impacts. Is over-population the main driver of environmental degradation? Poverty? Capitalism? Poor governance? Imperialism? Patriarchy? Clearly these are not technical questions, but political ones.

Updated to cover new debates, data, and policy, and expanded to include chapters on colonialism, race and gender, and the impacts of energy and resource extraction, this book introduces students to diverse perspectives and helps them develop an informed understanding of why environmental problems occur.

How the international community should act is deeply contested. Guiding students through the potential responses, including multilateral diplomacy, transnational voluntary action, innovative financial mechanisms, problem displacement, consumer-focused campaigns, and resistance, this book explains the different forms of political action, their limitations and injustices.

Online resources include lecture slides, a test bank for instructors, updated weblinks to videos, and suggested readings for students.

This chapter begins with the strong statement that fish do not exist as a true evolutionary group. Of the five traditional “classes” of vertebrates, fishes are the most problematic. The concept “fish” is wildly paraphyletic. In contrast, extant amphibians form a monophyletic clade. Mammals are also a true evolutionary group. In the previous chapter we learned that the former paraphyletic group Reptilia can be fixed by recognizing that birds are reptiles.

But there is no simple fix for fishes. One possible solution is to say that all tetrapods are fishes too. In other words, you and I and frogs and birds would all be fishes. That could work and it does reflect true evolutionary relationships, but it makes the former concept fishes fairly useless. Another solution is to recognize at least six separate lineages as distinct monophyletic groups.

Chapter 12 covers the topic of body dysmorphic disorder. Through a case vignette with topical MCQs for consolidation of learning, readers are brought through the diagnosis and treatment of a patient with body dysmorphic disorder. topics covered inlcude diagnosis, differential diagnoses, co-morbidities, risk assesment and management.

In late eighteenth-century Havana, residents frequently referred to the existence of large communities of negros and pardos as “officers in the trade of painter” and the authors of “exquisite works.” But who are these artists, and where can we find their works? What sort of works did they produce? Where were they trained, and how did they master their crafts with such perfection? By centering the artistic production and social worlds of artists of African descent in Cuba since the colonial period, this revisionist history of Cuban art provides compelling answers to these questions. Carefully researched and cogently argued, the book explores the gendered racial biases that have informed the constitution of the Cuban art canon; exposes how the ideologues of the slave-owning planter class institutionalized the association between “fine arts” and key attributes of whiteness; and examines how this association continues to shape art historical narratives in Cuba.

This chapter offers new arguments against existing accounts of the essence of literature and art. Although these approaches have made significant contributions to understanding key aspects of the literary and art phenomenon, none tells the full story about the essence of art. I show how the last 300 years of discussion on the matter have mainly revolved around artefact-oriented and receiver-oriented approaches and reassess the implications of the collapse of the poetics of language programme, which was inspired by structuralist work in linguistics – particularly Jakobson’s structural-linguistic programme for literature. Drawing on Chomsky’s programme of universal grammar, Fodor’s work on mental modularity and the language of thought, and Sperber and Wilson’s relevance-theory, as well as on a wide array of experimental findings, I argue that there is no distinct capacity for literary language and that the essence of literature does not reside in the language of the literary text. I also correct the misconception that follows from the collapse of the poetics of language that there is no distinct essence of literature/art: literature/art does have an essence, but its essence isn’t a matter of structure. Finally, I consider intellectual precursors of the creator-oriented theory to be developed in this book.

The chapter will help you to be able to Describe what Specific Phobia is and how it typically presents and discuss the maintaining role of avoidance, Describe and use evidence-based CBT for Specific Phobia, Describe the elements of a CBT approach to managing Specific Phobias.

Neil Steinkamp and Samantha DiDimenico, strategic consultants who have done extensive work on access-to-justice issues, offer a unique how-to guide for engaging courts and community stakeholders in order to generate quantitative and qualitative data that can contribute to reform efforts. Focusing on “civil Gideon,” a growing set of efforts to establish a “right to counsel” akin to what criminal defendants have long enjoyed under the Sixth Amendment, Steinkamp offers a step-by-step roadmap for developing an empirically rigorous and comprehensively informed dialogue toward regulatory reform.

Humanity’s impact on the planet is undeniable. Fairly and effectively addressing environmental problems begins with understanding their causes and impacts. Is over-population the main driver of environmental degradation? Poverty? Capitalism? Poor governance? Imperialism? Patriarchy? Clearly these are not technical questions, but political ones.

Updated to cover new debates, data, and policy, and expanded to include chapters on colonialism, race and gender, and the impacts of energy and resource extraction, this book introduces students to diverse perspectives and helps them develop an informed understanding of why environmental problems occur.

How the international community should act is deeply contested. Guiding students through the potential responses, including multilateral diplomacy, transnational voluntary action, innovative financial mechanisms, problem displacement, consumer-focused campaigns, and resistance, this book explains the different forms of political action, their limitations and injustices.

Online resources include lecture slides, a test bank for instructors, updated weblinks to videos, and suggested readings for students.

Contrary to Central America, the politics of emergency remained an essential framework for solidarity activists with the Southern Cone. However, these activists mobilized an explicitly market-critical interpretation of the human rights problems in Chile and Argentina. Grassroots human rights advocates criticized the lack of thoroughgoing judicial accountability, and the continuation of the economic policies imposed by the outgoing military regimes. Government officials, conservative politicians, and market-friendly NGOs such as the IGFM rebuffed these demands. They endorsed market-friendly democratization, the cornerstones of which were a negotiated ending to military rule, continuation of the neoliberal reforms initiated by the military regimes, and the non-prosecution of most perpetrators of human rights abuses. Pro-Pinochet activists favored a protracted process of democratization in Chile to ensure the continuation of his economic policies. This clashed with the efforts of Christian Democrats Heiner Geißler and Norbert Blüm, who wished to speed up the end of Pinochet’s rule and endorsed the acceptance of left-wing political asylum seekers to the FRG on humanitarian grounds.

This chapter considers the role of individual differences in attachment in the development of alternative reproductive strategies as conceptualized in evolutionary lifespan models, with a special emphasis on psychosocial acceleration theory (Belsky et al., 1991). Psychosocial acceleration theory is the primogenitor of several evolutionary lifespan models based on life history theory principles. These models describe how harsh and/or unpredictable childhoods forecast developmental adaptations and reproductive strategies in adulthood. Harshness and unpredictability levels should affect the adaptive calibration of the mating–parenting tradeoff, with harsher or more unpredictable environments forecasting greater mating effort at the expense of parenting effort. The attachment system has been proposed as an important mediator between early environmental exposure and reproductive strategies in adulthood. This chapter provides an overview of evolutionary lifespan models through the years and presents the theoretical rationale for the mediating role of attachment representations. This chapter then reviews empirical findings demonstrating that insecure attachment representations mediate the effects of childhood unpredictability on mating and parenting outcomes in adulthood, including unrestricted sociosexuality, unprotected sex, intimate partner violence perpetration, low relationship quality, negating parental orientations, and low parental support. This chapter concludes with directions for future research on environmentally induced adaptive calibration of life history variables.