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Why do great powers intervene militarily in revolutionary civil wars? This pivotal question in international relations is answered though a new theory of security hierarchies that emphasizes the role of clients, rivals and rogues in world politics. Employing a mixed-methods approach, integrating statistical analysis with comprehensive case studies of Afghanistan, Libya, and Syria, this book demonstrates that great power interventions are significantly more constrained and predictable than previously assumed. Role theory and frame analysis further exhibit how the status of other states within a great power's security hierarchy influences interventions. The findings provide a lucid account of great power behavior, offering critical insights for scholars and policymakers interested in the international dimensions of intrastate conflicts. Clients, Rivals and Rogues shows that the strategies that underpin great power interventions and provides crucial lessons for the management of regime conflicts, one of the most common and deadly forms of political instability today.
Strategic Compensation and Talent Management is a modern guide for managers and students navigating the complexities of pay, incentives, and workforce strategy in today's dynamic business environment. Written in a clear, conversational style, it blends real-world insights with foundational theory and invites readers to step into the manager's role to solve practical problems around attracting, retaining, and motivating talent. Expanded from 15 to 21 chapters, this second edition adds new content on performance management, remote and hybrid work, AI-driven compensation, pay transparency and evolving workforce expectations. A robust visual toolkit – including new diagrams and frameworks – enhances conceptual clarity, and all 50 real-world case discussions are now hosted online to support flexible teaching and group learning. With practical 'lessons for managers' in every chapter and a rich suite of teaching resources – including test banks, syllabi, and case materials – this text is both a classroom asset and a professional reference.
The Biffoli-Sostegni manuscript, MS 27766 of the Bibliothèque du Conservatoire royal de Bruxelles, is the only volume of sixteenth-century polyphony with a secure provenance in a female convent. Its extraordinary survival is made all the more important by its origin at the Florentine convent of San Matteo in Arcetri, the convent in which Suor Maria Celeste Galilei, daughter of Galileo Galilei, spent the last two-thirds of her life. This Element uses archival sources related to San Matteo to create a historical context for the manuscript's music and the lives of the nuns for whom it was written. Analysis of the music is accompanied by both notated and audiovisual musical examples, performed by the UK all-female early music ensemble, Musica Secreta.
The four fundamental forms of sociality structure our relationships. By comparing hundreds of cultures across more than 5000 years, this book builds on Relational Models Theory to reveal how each of the four basic types of relationship are conceived in its own distinctive cognitive medium. The text demonstrates how people use their food and bodies to foster affiliation, spatial dimensions to form hierarchy, concrete operations of one-to-one matching to create equality, and employ arbitrary, conventional symbols for proportion-based relationships. Originating from the author's ethnographic fieldwork in a West African village, this innovative social theory integrates findings from social, cognitive, and developmental psychology, linguistics and semiotics, anthropology, archeology, art history, religious studies, and ancient texts. The chapters offer compelling insights into readers' everyday social relations by showing what humans think their social relationships actually are.
There are different approaches to modelling the divine, with each raising questions one needs to consider when employing them to produce a model. Outlining some of the most widely used methods is one of the goals of this Element, providing something of an introductory 'how-to' guide for theistic modelling. Through discussing what models are, the different sources of data acquisition, how to acquire data via reason, how to sort data, and what we might think a model provides us with, this Element aims to give readers the resources to take on the task of modelling informatively and effectively for themselves.
Written by experts in the field, this text provides a modern introduction to three-dimensional dynamics for multibody systems. It covers rotation matrices, the twist-wrench formalism for multibody dynamics and Lagrangian dynamics, an approach that is often overlooked at the undergraduate level. The only prerequisites are differential equations and linear algebra as covered in a first-year engineering mathematics course. The text focuses on obtaining and understanding the equations of motion, featuring a rich set of examples and exercises that are drawn from real-world scenarios. Readers develop a reliable physical intuition that can then be used to apply dynamic analysis software tools, and to develop simplified approximate models. With this foundation, they will be able to confidently use the equations of motion in a variety of applications, ranging from simulation and design to motion planning and control.
A standard feature of our engagement with fictions is that we praise them as if they offer true insights on factual, psychological or evaluative matters, or criticize them as if they purport to do it but fail. But it is not so easy to make sense of this practice, since fictions traffick in made-up narratives concerning non-existing characters. This book offers the reader conceptual tools to reflect on such issues, providing an overarching, systematic account of philosophical issues concerning fictions and illustrating them with analysis of compelling examples. It asks whether fiction is defined – as John Searle and others have claimed – by mere pretense – the simulation of ordinary representational practices like assertions or requests - or whether it is defined by invitations or prescriptions to imagine. And it advances an original proposal on the nature of fictions, explaining why fictions can refer to the world and state facts about it.
This groundbreaking Companion explores how Counter-Reformation sanctity reshaped religious identities, sacred traditions, and devotional practices that transformed Catholicism into the first global religion. Offering a fresh perspective on early modern Catholicism, it moves beyond traditional debates about Reformation and Reform and presents sanctity as the defining lens through which to view the period's transformative changes. By examining the lives, representations, and global impact of saints, the Companion demonstrates how sanctity countered the Protestant challenge and also transformed the very fabric of Catholicism between 1500 and 1750. Organized into four thematic sections – models of sanctity, the creation and contestation of sanctity, the representation of saints, and everyday interactions with saints – the volume also provides insight into the role of holiness during this pivotal period in Church history. Connecting history, theology, art history, and material culture, this interdisciplinary Companion serves as an indispensable resource for scholars and students seeking a comprehensive understanding of early modern Catholicism's influence on European and global history.
Why were sixteenth-century Europeans willing to risk their lives to attack 'mere matter' - images, lamps, altars, vestments? The most influential medieval liturgical commentary, William Durand's Rationale divinorum officiorum, offers an answer. Reading Durand to excavate the meaning of churches, altars, vestments, this book reveals the stunning scope of Reformation reconceptualization of worship, time, and matter. For Durand, liturgy was an ongoing praxis in which Scripture and Creation were in constant dialogue, leading to an ever-richer understanding of divine revelation. In attacking the made world - what human beings had fashioned from prime matter - Protestants sundered Creation from the liturgy and fundamentally changed how liturgy was understood, and what both Protestants and Catholics held the relationship between divine revelation and matter to be. Altars and vestments became 'objects' to which human beings gave meaning. As the sixteenth century redefined liturgy as a verbal practice, time, matter, and worship were realigned.
This Element analyses the sociolinguistic navigation of cultural and ideological influence among queer male-identified individuals in Chengdu and Taipei. By analysing how queer and ethnically Chinese-identified individuals navigate ideological influences, it investigates some of the complexities of culture and identity and their dependence on semiotics and situated communication. Thus, the social affordances and constraints relevant to specific individuals in these contexts are described not only in terms of influences like 'Chinese culture' or 'Western ideology', but also in terms of the ongoing communicative processes through which they orient themselves to diverse structural influences. As such, this Element engages with the diversity typically subsumed into common identity categories. In turn, through its qualified deconstructionist approach to identity, it sheds novel light on the ideological complexity that tends to underlie queer individuals' performance of 'who they are', in Sinophone contexts and elsewhere.
This book presents an interdisciplinary survey at the intersection of music, creativity, and medicine. Featuring contributions from medical doctors, psychologists, and musicians, it surveys thought-provoking findings in the music-medical borderlands. Experts in neuroscience explore the cerebral underpinnings of music, from auditory-motor interactions, to rhythm, to the role of music in therapy, epilepsy, and cognitive disorders. Case studies describe medical biographies of musical masters, including Beethoven's deafness, Schumann's deterioration, Ravel's dementia, and Gershwin's brain tumor. There are accompanying studio recordings from the volume editors. Students, researchers, or anyone interested in the new frontiers of music in medicine will find original cross-disciplinary connections in this volume.
By the late 19th century, China had degenerated into one of the world's poorest economies. Despite generations of effort for national rejuvenation, China did not reverse its fate until the market-oriented reform. Since then, China has become the most dynamic economy in the world and is likely to regain its position as the world's largest economy before 2030. Demystifying the Chinese Economy, provides insightful answers to why China was so advanced in premodern times and what caused it to become so poor for almost two centuries. It explains how China maintained stability and grew rapidly in its transition to an open, market economy. Featuring three new chapters (and five new appendices) on challenges facing China's economic development and structural reform, this new edition covers topical issues such as the origins of US-Sino trade frictions, the impact of Donald Trump's presidency, and the development of the 'Belt and Road' initiative.
The category of gender has a special relation to history as an academic practice, as a form of writing, and as a way of understanding humanity as such. This Element reconstructs the trajectory of debates over gender to trace its emergence as an analytical category through the work of feminist thinkers such as that by Joan W. Scott, Judith Butler, and Donna Haraway. Situating the reader in a twenty-first century perspective, this Element shows that gender is still a key term in theoretical discussions not only within but also beyond academia, in current public debates related to women and LGBTQ+ human rights around the globe. 'Gender' is both a theoretical resource and a political tool to effect social change. Refiguring gender as a historical category, this Element provides a promising framework for historians, theorists of history, and everyone interested in reflecting on the relation between bodies, knowledge, and politics.
The Cambridge History of Australian Poetry offers an authoritative and comprehensive engagement with poetries that range from some of the world's oldest to significant innovations of the twenty-first century. Bringing together insights from First Nations experts, internationally renowned scholars, distinguished practitioners, and future critical leaders, this volume analyses the role of poetry in the multiple cultural imaginaries of Australia within local, regional, and global contexts. Chapters consider the role of poetry as both shaping and critiquing settler-colonial, national, and identity formations; Aboriginal writing, song, and cultural leadership; children's poetry; the poetry of war and conflict; engagement with print, film, and the digital; major aesthetic movements; geographies of the city, region, Asia, the South, and Antarctica; diasporic movements; and environmentalism. The volume includes analyses of the archive, ballads and folk poetry, performance poetries, conceptual and concrete poetries, canon formation and diversification, and current perspectives on major authors.
This Element addresses the challenges and opportunities that arise in the study of sound systems of understudied languages within the context of language documentation, an expanding field that seeks to develop records of the world's languages and their patterns of use in their broader cultural and social context. The topics covered in this Element focus on different elements of language documentation and their relationship to phonological analysis, including lexicography, documentary corpora, music and the verbal arts, as well as grammar writing. For each of these areas, the authors examine methodological and theoretical implications for phonology. With growing concern in the field of language documentation and linguistics more generally for the distribution and implementation of the products of research and its impact for Indigenous language communities, this Element also discusses how phonological documentation may contribute to the development of resources for language communities.
The advent of urbanism had profound impacts on landscape management, agricultural production, food preservation, and cuisine. This Element examines the 6,000-year history of urbanism through the archaeological perspective of food, using the analysis of cooking and eating vessels, botanical remains, and animal bones along with texts and iconographic evidence to understand the foodways that spurred and accompanied the growth of cities. Human-environmental changes took place as farmers became fewer in number but increasingly essential as providers of food for city-based consumers. The Element also examines the ways in which cities today share patterns of food production and consumption with the first urban settlements, and that we can address questions of sustainability, nutritional improvement, and other desired outcomes by recognizing how the growth of cities has resulted in distinct constraints and opportunities related to food.
Adult cerebral infections are a common neurosurgical emergency presentation in the UK. This Element provides a comprehensive guide for clinicians, detailing the epidemiology, aetiology, and risk factors associated with the various types of cerebral infections including cerebral abscess, subdural empyema, epidural abscess and cranial fungal and parasitic infections. The clinical presentation, diagnostic methods, and treatment options, including surgical and antibiotic management, are discussed. Emphasis is placed on the importance of early diagnosis and tailored treatment plans. Flow diagrams summarizing the management of cerebral infections are also provided in this Element.
This textbook chart out an easy-to-comprehend account of the methods of random vibrations, aided by modern yet basic concepts in probability theory and random processes. It starts with a quick review of certain elements of structural dynamics, thus setting the stage for their seamless continuation in developing techniques for response analyses of structures under random environmental loads, such as winds and earthquakes. The book also offers a few glimpses of the powerful tools of stochastic processes to kindle the spirit of scientific inquiry. By way of applications, it contains numerous illustrative examples and exercises, many of which relate to practical design problems of interest to the industry. A companion website provides solutions to all the problems in the exercises. For the benefit of the prospective instructors, a semester-long schedule for offering a course on Random Vibrations is also suggested.
This textbook is meant for first-year undergraduates majoring in mathematics or disciplines where formal mathematics is important. It will help students to make a smooth transition from high school to undergraduate differential calculus. Beginning with limits and continuity, the book proceeds to discuss derivatives, tangents and normals, maxima and minima, and mean value theorems. It also discusses indeterminate forms, functions of several variables, and partial differentiation. The book ends with a coverage of curvature, asymptotes, singular points, and curve tracing. Concepts are first presented and explained in an informal, intuitive, and conceptual style. They are then covered in the form of a conventional definition, theorem, or proof. Each concept concludes with at least one solved example. Additional solved examples are also provided under the section "More Solved Examples". Practice numerical exercises are included in the chapters so that students can apply the concepts learnt and sharpen their problem-solving skills.