Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-68c7f8b79f-tw422 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-12-19T18:16:03.665Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Music at a Florentine Convent

The Biffoli-Sostegni Manuscript and Suor Maria Celeste Galilei

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 December 2025

Laurie Stras
Affiliation:
University of Southampton

Summary

The Biffoli-Sostegni manuscript, MS 27766 of the Bibliothèque du Conservatoire royal de Bruxelles, is the only volume of sixteenth-century polyphony with a secure provenance in a female convent. Its extraordinary survival is made all the more important by its origin at the Florentine convent of San Matteo in Arcetri, the convent in which Suor Maria Celeste Galilei, daughter of Galileo Galilei, spent the last two-thirds of her life. This Element uses archival sources related to San Matteo to create a historical context for the manuscript's music and the lives of the nuns for whom it was written. Analysis of the music is accompanied by both notated and audiovisual musical examples, performed by the UK all-female early music ensemble, Musica Secreta.
Get access

Information

Type
Element
Information
Online ISBN: 9781009387125
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication: 31 January 2026

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Element purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

Animuccia, Giovanni. 1565. Il primo libro de madrigali a tre voci. Rome: Dorico.Google Scholar
Aplin, John. 1979. ‘The Survival of Plainsong in Anglican Music: Some Early English Te-Deum Settings’. Journal of the American Musicological Society 32 (2): 247–75. https://doi.org/10.2307/831079.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Archdiocese of Florence. 1603. Decreta dioecesanae Florentinae synodi: celebrata ab Illustriss. ac Reuerendiss. D.D. Alexandro Medice S.R.E. Cardinali & Archiepiscopo Florentino etc. Florence: Sermartelli.Google Scholar
Aulisio, Giovanni Tommaso, ed. 1595. Compendium priuilegiorum fratrum minorum et aliorum mendicantium et non mendicantium. Vol. 2. Naples: Carlino et Pace.Google Scholar
Baggiani, Franco. 1982. ‘Musicisti in Pisa: I maestri di Cappella della Primaziale’. Bollettino storico pisano 51: 271–94.Google Scholar
Baroffio, Giacomo, and Kim, Eun Ju. 2004. Iam sanctae Clarae claritas: l’ufficio ritmico di santa Chiara nella tradizione arborense. Milan: Coro dell’Università Cattolica.Google Scholar
Blackburn, Bonnie J. 2015. ‘The Lascivious Career of B-Flat’. In Eroticism in Early Modern Music, edited by Stras, Laurie and Blackburn, Bonnie J., 1942. Farnham: Ashgate Publishing.Google Scholar
Boccali, P. Giovanni. 2011. Cum hymnis et canticis. Gaudeat Mater Ecclesia in festo sancte Clare virginis Assisiensis. Assisi: Edizioni Porziuncola.Google Scholar
Bonechi, Maddalena. 2016. ‘“Nuove musiche” nella Firenze di primo Seicento: luoghi, occasioni, prassi esecutive, musiche e testi’. PhD, Florence: Università degli Studi.Google Scholar
Borren, Charles van den. 1934. ‘Inventaire des manuscrits de musique polyphonique qui se trouvent en Belgique’. Acta musicologica 6: 2329.Google Scholar
Boscolo, Lucia. 1996. ‘L’antologia polifonica fiorentina del 1560 nel Codice Bruxelles 27766’. Rassegna veneta di studi musicali 11/12: 177267.Google Scholar
Boscolo, Lucia. 2002. ‘Una composizione a 4 voci in notazione quadrata nel codice fiorentino di Bruxelles 27766’. In Un millennio di polifonia liturgica tra oralità e scrittura, edited by Cattin, Giulio and Gallo, F. Alberto, 1118. Venice: Società Editrice Il Mulino.Google Scholar
Bruning, Fr. Eliseo, ed. 1951. Cantuale Romano-Seraphicum, editio tertia, aucta ac Rituali necnon Antiphonali Ordinis. Paris: Desclée & Soc.Google Scholar
Carter, Tim. 2024. ‘Ottavio Rinuccini’s Narciso: A Study and Edition’. Journal of Seventeenth-Century Music 30 (1). https://sscm-jscm.org/jscm-issues/volume-30-no-1/carter-rinuccini-narciso/.Google Scholar
Cattin, Giulio. 2003. ‘Le laude del Giubileo (Ms. Bruxelles Cons.27766)’. In Studi sulla lauda offerti all’autore da F. A. Gallo e F. Luisi, edited by Vecchia, Patrizia Dalla, 439–57. Istituto di Paleografia Musicale–Roma. Serie III: Miscellanea. Rome: Torre d’Orfeo.Google Scholar
Cingoli, Benedetto da. 1503. Sonecti, barzelle, et capitoli del claro poeta B. Cingulo. Rome: Johann Besicken.Google Scholar
Cummings, Anthony M. 1981. ‘Toward an Interpretation of the Sixteenth-Century Motet’. Journal of the American Musicological Society 34 (1): 4359. https://doi.org/10.2307/831034.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cummings, Anthony M. 2004. The Maecenas and the Madrigalist: Patrons, Patronage, and the Origins of the Italian Madrigal. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society.10.70249/9780871693334CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cusick, Suzanne G. 2009. Francesca Caccini at the Medici Court: Music and the Circulation of Power. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.10.7208/chicago/9780226338101.001.0001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cyrus, Cynthia. 1990. ‘Polyphonic Borrowings and the Florentine Chanson Reworking, 1475—1515’. PhD, Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina.Google Scholar
D’Accone, Frank A. 1983. ‘Singolarità di alcuni aspetti della musica sacra fiorentina del Cinquecento’. In Garfagnini, Gian Carlo (ed.), Firenze e la Toscana dei Medici nell’Europa del ’500, vol. 2, 513–37. Florence: Leo S. Olschki.Google Scholar
Fabris, Dinko. 2011. ‘Galileo and Music: A Family Affair’. In The Inspiration of Astronomical Phenomena VI. Proceedings of a Conference Held October 18–23, 2009 in Venezia, Italy, edited by Corsini, Enrico, 441: 5772. San Francisco: Astronomical Society of the Pacific.Google Scholar
Fenlon, Iain, and Haar, James. 1988. The Italian Madrigal in the Early Sixteenth Century: Sources and Interpretation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Filippi, Daniele V. 2017. ‘“Audire missam non est verba missae intelligere …”: The Low Mass and the Motetti missales in Sforza Milan’. Journal of the Alamire Foundation 9 (1): 1132. https://doi.org/10.1484/J.JAF.5.114048.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Francescani. 1596. Statuta, constitutiones, et decreta generalia: Familiae Cismontanae ord. S. Franc. de Obseruantia etc. Piacenza: Giovanni Bazachi.Google Scholar
Francescani 1713. Constituzioni del venerabil monastero di S. Matteo in Arcetri militante sotto l’insegne del serafico padre San Francesco etc. Florence: Guiducci e Franchi.Google Scholar
Galilei, Galileo. 1900. Le opere di Galileo Galilei. Edizione nazionale, etc., edited by Favaro, Antonio and del Lungo, Isidoro. Vol. 10. Florence: n.p.Google Scholar
Galilei, Galileo 1901. Le opere di Galileo Galilei. Edizione nazionale, etc., edited by Favaro, Antonio and del Lungo, Isidoro. Vol. 11. Florence: n.p.Google Scholar
Galilei, Galileo 1902. Le opere di Galileo Galilei. Edizione nazionale, etc., edited by Favaro, Antonio and del Lungo, Isidoro. Vol. 12. Florence: n.p.Google Scholar
Galilei, Galileo 1903. Le opere di Galileo Galilei. Edizione nazionale, etc., edited by Favaro, Antonio and del Lungo, Isidoro. Vol. 13. Florence: n.p.Google Scholar
Galilei, Galileo 1904a. Le opere di Galileo Galilei. Edizione nazionale, etc., edited by Favaro, Antonio and del Lungo, Isidoro. Vol. 14. Florence: n.p.Google Scholar
Galilei, Galileo 1904b. Le opere di Galileo Galilei. Edizione nazionale, etc., edited by Favaro, Antonio and del Lungo, Isidoro. Vol. 15. Florence: n.p.Google Scholar
Galilei, Galileo 1909. Le opere di Galileo Galilei. Edizione nazionale, etc., edited by Favaro, Antonio and del Lungo, Isidoro. Vol. 20. Florence: n.p.Google Scholar
Galilei, Suor Maria Celeste. 1983. Lettere al padre, edited by Morandini, Giuliana. Torino: Rosa.Google Scholar
Galilei, Suor Maria Celeste 2000. Sister Maria Celeste’s Letters to Her Father, Galileo, edited and translated by Rinaldina Russell. New York: Writers Club Press.Google Scholar
Galilei, Suor Maria Celeste 2001. Letters to Father: Suor Maria Celeste to Galileo, 1623–1633, edited and translated by Dava Sobel. New York: Walker & Co.Google Scholar
Gemignani, Marco. 2002. ‘The Navies of the Medici: The Florentine Navy and the Navy of the Sacred Military Order of St Stephen, 1547–1648’. In War at Sea in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, edited by John, B. Hattendorf and Richard, W. Unger, 169–86. Woodbridge: Boydell & Brewer.Google Scholar
Giacomelli, Gabriele. 2001. ‘“Ecce quam bonum”. Una tradizione melodica per canoni e laude, messe e mottetti, salmi e trionfi’. In Una città e il suo profeta: Firenze di fronte al Savonarola, edited by Garfagnini, Gian Carlo, 319423. Florence: SISMEL – Edizioni del Galluzzo.Google Scholar
Graca, Daniela. 2024. ‘Blood and Milk on Thy Tongue: Suor Domenica da Paradiso’s Theology of Divine Love and Vocality in the Laude of La Crocetta (c.1515–1553)’. MA, Toronto: McGill University.Google Scholar
Gruppo di lavoro ‘Firenze’ dell’Università Ca’ Foscari di Venezia. 2006. ‘La mappa della musica da chiesa a Firenze tra Cattedrale, laudesi e committenza “minore”’. In Produzione, circolazione e consumo consuetudine e quotidianità della polifonia sacra nelle chiese monastiche e parrocchiali dal tardo Medioevo alla fine degli Antichi Regimi, edited by Bryant, David and Quaranta, Elena, 193226. Quaderni di ‘musica e storia’ 5. Bologna: Il mulino.Google Scholar
Johnstone, Andrew. 2006. ‘“High” Clefs in Composition and Performance’. Early Music 34 (1): 2953. https://doi.org/10.1093/em/cah190.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kirkendale, Warren. 1993. The Court Musicians in Florence during the Principate of the Medici: With a Reconstruction of the Artistic Establishment. Florence: L. S. Olschki.Google Scholar
Landucci, Luca. 1883. Diario fiorentino dal 1450 al 1516, edited by Badia, Jodoco del. Florence: G. C. Sansoni.Google Scholar
Leonardi, Matteo. 2021. Storia della lauda (secoli XIII–XVI). Collection ‘Epitome musical’. Turnhout: Brepols.Google Scholar
Lowe, K. J. P. 2003. Nuns’ Chronicles and Convent Culture in Renaissance and Counter-Reformation Italy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Macey, Patrick. 1998. Bonfire Songs: Savonarola’s Musical Legacy. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Macey, Patrick 2007. ‘Filippo Salviati, Caterina de’Ricci, and Serafino Razzi: Patronage Practices for the Lauda and Madrigal at the Convent of S. Vincenzo in Prato’. In Cappelle musicali fra corte, stato e chiesa nell’Italia del rinascimento, edited by Piperno, Franco, Ravenni, Gabriella Biagi, and Chegai, Andrea, 349–72. Florence: Olschki.Google Scholar
Milsom, John. 2018. ‘The T-Mass: quis scrutatur?Early Music 46 (2): 319–31. https://doi.org/10.1093/em/cay019.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Milsom, John 2020. ‘Attending (to) Masses in the Long 16th Century’. Early Music 48 (2): 251–57. https://doi.org/10.1093/em/caaa035.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Newbigin, Nerida. 1983. Nuovo corpus di sacre rappresentazioni fiorentine del Quattrocento: edite e inedite tratte da manoscritti coevi o ricontrollate su di essi. Bologna: Commissione per i Testi di Lingua.Google Scholar
Pagnini, Pietro. 1936. ‘Alcuni documenti galileiani inediti’. Atti della Società Colombaria fiorentina 13: 4381.Google Scholar
Planchart, Alejandro. 2006. ‘The Books that Guillaume Du Fay Left to the Chapel of Saint Stephen’. In Sine musica nulla disciplina: studi in onore di Giulio Cattin, 175212. Padua: Il Poligrafo.Google Scholar
Puliti, A. 1738. Vita della serva di Dio suor Maria Angiola Gini monaca professa nel monastero di San Matteo in Arcetri …. Florence: Viviani.Google Scholar
Repetti, E. 1845. Dizionario geografico fisico storico della Toscana – Supplemento. Florence: n.p.Google Scholar
Ridolfi, Roberto. 1958. ‘Diario fiorentino di anonimo delle cose occorse l’anno 1537’. Archivio storico italiano 116 (4): 544–70.Google Scholar
Rodin, Jesse. 2012. Josquin’s Rome: Hearing and Composing in the Sistine Chapel. AMS Studies in Music. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Rombough, Julia. 2024. A Veil of Silence: Women and Sound in Renaissance Italy. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Ryan, Mary Ellen. 2019. ‘“Our Enemies Are Gathered Together”: The Politics of Motets During the Second Florentine Republic, 1527–1530’. Journal of Musicology 36 (3): 295330. https://doi.org/0.1525/jm.2019.36.3.295.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sand, Alexa. 2014. Vision, Devotion, and Self-Representation in Late Medieval Art. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139424769.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Santoni, Luigi. 1847. Raccolta di notizie storiche riguardanti le chiese dell’arci-diogesi di Firenze: tratte da diversi autori. Florence: G. Mazzoni.Google Scholar
Schwartz, Roberta Freund. 2001. ‘From Criado to Canonization: Music in the Life of St. Francis of Borja’. In Essays on Music and Culture in Honour of Herbert Kellman, edited by Haggh, Barbara, 193200. Paris: Minerve.Google Scholar
Spadolini, Giovanni. 1984. ‘Il nostro Pian dei Giullari’. Nuovo antologia 545: 138–43.Google Scholar
Stras, Laurie. 2012. ‘The Ricreationi per monache of Suor Annalena Aldobrandini’. Renaissance Studies 26 (1): 3459. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-4658.2011.00789.x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stras, Laurie 2017a. ‘The Performance of Polyphony in Early Sixteenth-Century Italian Convents’. Early Music 45 (2): 195214. https://doi.org/10.1093/em/cax023.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stras, Laurie 2017b. ‘Voci pari Motets and Convent Polyphony in the 1540s: The materna lingua Complex’. Journal of the American Musicological Society 70 (3): 617–96. https://doi.org/10.1525/jams.2017.70.3.617.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stras, Laurie 2018. Women and Music in Sixteenth-Century Ferrara. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316650455.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stras, Laurie 2024. ‘A Response to Joshua Rifkin (“Singing Nuns? More on the Story of Verona 761”): ❖ Observation ❖’. Early Music 52 (2): 262–71. https://doi.org/10.1093/em/caad034.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Strocchia, Sharon T. 2003. ‘Taken into Custody: Girls and Convent Guardianship in Renaissance Florence’. Renaissance Studies 17 (2): 177200. https://doi.org/10.1111/1477-4658.t01-1-00016.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Strocchia, Sharon T. 2009. Nuns and Nunneries in Renaissance Florence. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Sutherland, David A. 1972. ‘A Second Corteccia Manuscript in the Archives of Santa Maria del Fiore’. Journal of the American Musicological Society 25 (1): 7985. https://doi.org/10.2307/830301.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Varchi, B. 1721. Storia fiorentina di messer Benedetto Varchi. Colonia: Pietro Martello.Google Scholar
Verna, Cristiano, and Zaccaria, Antonio. 2018. Il castello di Castrocaro. Storia e tecnica di una terra di confine. Castrocaro Terme: Cristiano Verna.Google Scholar
Volkhardt, Ulrike. 2009. ‘Audivi vocem in celo: Ein (Aufführungs-)Praxisbericht über die Wiederentdeckung und Ersteinspielung von Musikalien aus den Lüneburger Klöstern’. In Musikort Kloster. Kulturelles Handeln von Frauen in der Frühen Neuzeit, edited by Rode-Breymann, Susanne, 159–66. Cologne: Böhlau Verlag.Google Scholar
Weaver, Elissa. 2002. Convent Theatre in Early Modern Italy: Spiritual Fun and Learning for Women. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Wilson, Blake. 1992. Music and Merchants: The Laudesi Companies of Republican Florence. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198161769.003.0004.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilson, Blake 2001. ‘Hora mai sono in età: Savonarola and Music in Laurentian Florence’. In Una città e il suo profeta: Firenze di fronte al Savonarola, edited by Garfagnini, Gian Carlo, 283309. Florence: SISMEL – Edizioni del Galluzzo.Google Scholar
Wilson, Blake 2009. Singing Poetry in Renaissance Florence: The Cantasi Come Tradition (1375–1550). Florence: Leo S. Olschki.Google Scholar
Yardley, Anne Bagnall. 1986. ‘“Full weel she soong the service dyvyne”: The Cloistered Musicians in the Middle Ages’. In Women Making Music: The Western Art Tradition, edited by Bowers, Jane and Tick, Judith, 1538. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.10.1007/978-1-349-09367-0_2CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Accessibility standard: WCAG 2.1 AA

Why this information is here

This section outlines the accessibility features of this content - including support for screen readers, full keyboard navigation and high-contrast display options. This may not be relevant for you.

Accessibility Information

The PDF of this Element complies with version 2.1 of the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG), covering newer accessibility requirements and improved user experiences and achieves the intermediate (AA) level of WCAG compliance, covering a wider range of accessibility requirements.

Content Navigation

Table of contents navigation
Allows you to navigate directly to chapters, sections, or non‐text items through a linked table of contents, reducing the need for extensive scrolling.

Reading Order & Textual Equivalents

Single logical reading order
You will encounter all content (including footnotes, captions, etc.) in a clear, sequential flow, making it easier to follow with assistive tools like screen readers.
Short alternative textual descriptions
You get concise descriptions (for images, charts, or media clips), ensuring you do not miss crucial information when visual or audio elements are not accessible.

Visual Accessibility

Use of colour is not sole means of conveying information
You will still understand key ideas or prompts without relying solely on colour, which is especially helpful if you have colour vision deficiencies.

Structural and Technical Features

ARIA roles provided
You gain clarity from ARIA (Accessible Rich Internet Applications) roles and attributes, as they help assistive technologies interpret how each part of the content functions.

Save element to Kindle

To save this element to your Kindle, first ensure no-reply@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Music at a Florentine Convent
  • Laurie Stras, University of Southampton
  • Online ISBN: 9781009387125
Available formats
×

Save element to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Music at a Florentine Convent
  • Laurie Stras, University of Southampton
  • Online ISBN: 9781009387125
Available formats
×

Save element to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Music at a Florentine Convent
  • Laurie Stras, University of Southampton
  • Online ISBN: 9781009387125
Available formats
×