Drawing from ca dao vùng mỏ (the lesser-known writings of anonymous Vietnamese miners), the vibrant Vietnamese print press of the 1930s, and other archival sources, this chapter offers insights into the internal workings of large-scale coal mining enterprises, which were founded on racial, professional, and gendered power structures. In addition, this chapter describes the formation of a strong oppositional and distinctive Vietnamese miner subculture, forged both within and beyond the mines. Outside the mines, far from company surveillance, miners engaged in collective acts, such as theft, fraud, and illicit recreational activities, such as opium smoking, gambling, and smuggling, to supplement their wage income or to simply decompress after a hard day at work in the company of their workmates. The relative autonomy and strength of this miner subculture reveal the failure of the internal working regime of coal mining companies to impose uniform working patterns on their employees. Instead, workers banded together and utilized their networks and autonomous culture to contest and exploit the limitations in French labor management for their own personal gains.

This chapter analyzes different methodologies for using the history of international development and economic growth to study US foreign relations. Early efforts to historicize development, driven largely by the scholarship of anthropologists, political theorists, and historical sociologists, focused on the intellectual origins and discursive effects of development and growth discourse. I show how, over the past two decades, historians have expanded upon this work in multiple ways. They have used governmental and nonstate archival collections to analyze the intellectual and political origins of ideas about development and growth in the United States. They have used documents in foreign languages from across the world to analyze how those receiving development assistance alternately resisted, challenged, accepted, adapted, and integrated US foreign aid into their domestic state-building and development initiatives. Historians have likewise integrated analytic frameworks from other subfields and disciplines – such as environmental history, science and technology studies (STS), and the history of economic thought – to assess the short- and long-term legacies of development initiatives. The chapter explores these approaches to analyzing development and growth as entry points to study how, why, and to what ends the United States exercised power in myriad ways across the world.

An effort is made to understand the scaling exponent in the allometry between body size and the watershed tempo for rhythmic pulse. Context is provided by reviewing the scaling exponents that describe the two principal ways in which the body expends energy: walking and maintenance of core body temperature through basal metabolism. The physics of the pendulum is used to derive a scaling exponent for walking. The scaling exponents for physiological timescales are derived first from a study of basal metabolism and then from a compilation of heartbeat period data. This analysis leads to the conclusion that pulse allometry has the same mathematical structure as heart period allometry. It is argued finally that both scale with the surface area of the body.

The chapter begins with a survey of literature on nineteenth-century colonial exhibitions and world’s fairs as a cultural practice and the complicity of academic disciplines such as anthropology and ethnology in promoting violent forms of pedagogy. It provides a brief overview of the ‘nasty’ Indian nautch, a racially charged practice framed simultaneously by colonial desire and abhorrence, which moved between the Empire’s exhibitions and theatres as disturbances. It then examines one particular colonial exhibition, the failed Liberty of London’s 1885 exhibition, and specifically analyses the work of nautch dancers whose moving bodies both engaged and disrupted the scopophilia framing live human exhibits. The chapter then listens to the dissenting voices of Liberty’s performers and delves into the legal proceedings they set in motion against their producers. In the final section, the chapter examines how re-imagining the Liberty’s nautch experience by embodying archival silences and slippages might be a usefully anarchic ‘corpo-active’ method that animates the memories of subaltern dancers forgotten by both British and Indian nationalist history.

The idea that activation lifetimes might vary systematically with body size, that is, obey allometry, is considered. The field of allometry is introduced with particular attention given to how power laws are framed and how power law exponents are interpreted. The Kleiber law that describes the power law relation between mass and basal metabolism is discussed as a paradigm example of how allometry works in practice. With this background, the stage is set for constructing a Kleiber-type law for activation lifetimes. The foundation for this discussion is a singular article that used ethological measurements of mammalian movement patterns to infer activation lifetimes. Data are presented on the durations of movement patterns in six mammalian species and a duration allometry for mammals is successfully derived. However, it is recognized that this allometry suffers from a paucity of useful data, and the focus shifts to the ethology of human behavior.

As noted in the Introduction, in this chapter we consider running the Toda algorithm only until time $T^{(1)}$, the deflation time with block decomposition k = 1 fixed, when the norm of the off-diagonal elements in the first row, and hence the first column, is $\mathcal{O}(ϵ)$. Define $E(t)={\displaystyle \sum _{n=2}^N|}{X}_{1n}(t){|}^2$ so that if $E(t)=0$ then $X_{11}(t)$ is an eigenvalue of H. Thus, with $E(t)$ as in (6.1), the halting time (or 1-deflation time) for the Toda algorithm is given by $T^{(1)}(H)=\inf \{t:E(t)\le {ϵ}^2\}$.

A researcher is conducting a survey among employees of a large multinational corporation. The terms of the contract stipulate that the study participants will receive compensation for completing both the multiple-choice questionnaire and the open-ended questions. During the analysis of the results, the researcher observed that numerous participants responded to the questions hastily and without adequate reflection. Consequently, she convened a meeting with a randomly selected group of participants to address their behavior. The three economic enlightenment theories offer distinct perspectives from which she can argue that the participants ought to have approached the test with greater attentiveness despite the absence of such stipulation in the contract. Notably, the participants may invoke these three perspectives to rationalize (or self-condemn) their actions.

Three experimental paradigms are introduced that display a form of working memory known in the psychological literature as priming. This form of memory does not involve containers, but rather embodies memory in the sense that current cognitive states are influenced by past stimuli and responses. In three detailed accounts, semantic priming, motor/perceptual priming, and negative priming are all shown to display an activation dynamic where activation decays over 2 or 3 seconds. It is concluded that priming forms of memory might be quite general and might be able to explain the phase transition in time-based grouping. A general template based on activation overlap is proposed to underlie proximity constraints in both priming and Gestalt.

Provided the law’s classifications are broadly drawn, technological innovation will not require the classifications to be redrawn or new categories to be introduced. This is not to say, however, that innovations will never require a rethinking of old categories or the invention of new ones. Difficult as that may be, the more difficult issue is detecting disruptions in the first place. Some truly disruptive innovations, such as computer programs, may be hidden from view for a variety of reasons. Others, touted as disruptive, such as cryptoassets, may not really be the case.

This chapter discusses possible interpretations for the failure of COVID-19 tracking apps during the pandemic in the Western world in the context of digitalisation. It revisits the impact of digitalisation in public law and examines specific norms governing the right to health. The chapter explores key barriers, including privacy concerns, technological limitations, and public distrust, that contributed to the inefficacy of these digital tools. By analysing these challenges, the study identifies lessons for future digital health policies, emphasising the need for transparent governance, legal safeguards, and public engagement. It argues that human rights law must evolve to better balance privacy with public health objectives, ensuring digital technologies enhance rather than undermine fundamental rights.

Chapter 11 is the second of two chapters that link diffusion models to neural processes. The models in Chapter 10 obtained diffusion processes in a top-down way, by adding noise to smooth network dynamics. The models in Chapter 11 obtain them in a more explicit, bottom-up way, from the flux of postsynaptic potentials induced by sequences of action potentials. This leads to a Poisson shot noise model of stimulus representations. The instantaneous evidence entering the decision process, from aggregating such processes, approximates an Ornstein–Uhlenbeck (OU) velocity process and the accumulated evidence approximates an OU displacement process, The response time distributions of the OU displacement process closely approximate those of Wiener diffusion on long time scales. A second shot noise model assumes that evidence is accumulated in recurrent, or reverberation, loops, which leads to an OU velocity process with linearly increasing drift rates. Both models provide good accounts of response time and accuracy data. The chapter also describes the linear integrated threshold model of motor activation, which leads to an integrated OU model of motor activation, and the linear-drift, linear-infinitesimal variance (LDLIV) model of evidence accumulation.

Chapter 10 is the first of two chapters that link diffusion models to neural processes. The chapter reviews experimental data showing that neural firing rates in decision-related cortical structures of monkeys performing eye-movement decision tasks can be predicted from fits of diffusion models to the monkeys’ response time distributions and choice probabilities. The chapter discusses four approaches to deriving diffusion process representations of evidence accumulation from models of neural firing rates. The first is the spiking network model of Wang and colleagues; the second is a linearized approximation of the Wang model by Bogacz et al.; the third is the nonlinear diffusion approximation of Roxin and Ledberg; the fourth is the Ising decision maker of Verdonck and Tuerlinckx. The agreement among these different approaches suggest that diffusion processes provide appropriate cognitive models of evidence accumulation and decision making as they are implemented neurally.