The interplay between local and global history is where the trials of empire are held. The Ottoman state overturned the autonomously ruled Kurdish Emirates in the mountainous east, bringing large numbers of Kurdish- and Armenian-speakers directly under Ottoman rule. The efforts to divide and conquer these populations created "Armenian" and "Kurdish" questions that have occupied ruling elites since the mid-nineteenth century. The "Armenian question," like many of the "questions" of the nineteenth century – "the Woman question," "the Negro question," or "the Jewish’ question" – related to the rights of those who had long been denied equality. This "question" intensified in a struggle in the Muş highlands between Armenian peasants and their warlord in the late 1880s. As elsewhere in the mountainous regions of the empire, the Ottomans backed local nobles who expressed loyalty. In the plain of Muş, the Ottoman central authorities continued to support the warlord Musa Bey, despite accusations of malfeasance, kidnapping, and murder. For many of the Armenian peasants, the final straw was in 1889 when Musa Bey kidnapped and raped Gülizar, a young daughter of a priest. Local protests spread through migrant networks to Istanbul, and then through the press to readers around the world.

This chapter identifies Symbolism’s influence on Australian poetry as taking two trajectories. The first, more dominant trajectory traces the Symbolism as emerging from A. G. Stephens’s editorial work and Christopher Brennan’s adaptation of Mallarmé’s doctrine into a metaphysical tradition. The chapter follows its continuation in the poetry of A. R. Chisholm, Randolph Hughes, Nettie Palmer, Zora Cross, the Vision circle, Douglas Stewart, Francis Webb, Kenneth Slessor, Judith Wright, A. D. Hope and James McAuley. The chapter argues that a second, more adventurous and feral trajectory includes Brennan’s most experimental writing, the work of Ern Malley, Patrick White’s Voss, and more recent poetry by Robert Adamson, John Tranter and Chris Edwards.

Although painters of pottery were heavily influenced by what other painters had painted and by the wishes of their customers, the ways in which they represent scenes reflect their own way of seeing the world, and the way in which they represent scenes involving the gods potentially allows us to say something about their personal religion. This chapter looks at the large pots painted in Apulia by the so-called Underworld Painter and argues that the way in which the Underworld Painter lays out scenes that involve gods’ interventions in the world (as in scenes of Gigantomachy, Melanippe, Dirke, Medea and of the Underworld) and the juxtaposition of those scenes with scenes of men and women offering libations or carrying objects associated with religious cult, allow us to say something about the religious assumptions that he is bringing with him, and in particular about the way in which he sees the gods of myth and the gods of cult as part of the same world.

This chapter discusses the diagnostic evaluation, physical examination, initial diagnostic formulation, investigations, and management of individuals with cognitive and/or behavioral changes. It emphasizes the importance of obtaining a comprehensive history from the patient and an informant, as well as conducting a thorough physical examination. The chapter also provides sample questions for assessing different cognitive domains and lists clues that suggest a non-Alzheimer’s disease etiology of cognitive/behavioral changes. It suggests various diagnostic studies and consultations that may be necessary for each patient. The document highlights the principles of management, including treating reversible causes, minimizing psychoactive medications, promoting regular sleep and exercise, and providing caregiver support. It also discusses the availability of pharmacologic therapies and the importance of providing information and support to families facing dementia-related issues.

Africa faces a $1.3 trillion annual funding gap to achieve the SDGs and build climate resilience, yet private investors hesitate due to perceived high risks. Despite contributing less than 4% of global carbon emissions, Africa bears disproportionate climate impacts, with over 110 million people already affected by extreme weather events.

This chapter explores how philanthropy is emerging as the most powerful de-risking tool for both sustainable development and climate finance. By absorbing early-stage risks, providing patient capital, and unlocking private investment, philanthropy is catalysing solutions in renewable energy, climate adaptation, and nature-based carbon sequestration. Through real world case studies, it reveals how blended finance, impact investing, and catalytic capital can accelerate Africa’s green transition and economic transformation.

The global financing gap for sustainable development is widening, demanding innovative solutions. This chapter explores how philanthropy can unlock private capital through blended finance and catalytic capital, ensuring critical priorities – from climate action to poverty reduction – receive the funding they require. As emerging markets face investment shortfalls, philanthropy’s risk-taking potential can de-risk projects, attract institutional investors, and drive systemic change.

Drawing on insights from the OECD and global experts, this chapter highlights the transformative power of public-private-philanthropic partnerships and how foundations can move beyond traditional grant making to deploy impact investments, guarantees, and innovative financial tools. By strategically aligning resources across sectors, philanthropy can bridge capital markets and the SDGs, catalyzing investments that balance financial returns with meaningful social and environmental impact and ultimately redefining its role as a driving force for global change.

Peasant cuisine was compatible with variety and specialisation. Within the general tendency to adopt a pessimistic view of peasants as struggling with subsistence, the idea used to be omnipresent that peasant families had monotonous meals made essentially out of vegetables cooked in large cauldrons, with boiling being the most distinctive peasant cooking process. A more positive image can be assumed now due to a better knowledge of peasant food-processing techniques and the items involved with it. In agreement with this more optimistic view, in this chapter it will be shown that the peasants’ set of cooking items was diverse enough to give access to various techniques, which resulted in meals with varied flavours.