This chapter develops new measures of American economic and security hierarchy using a Bayesian latent measurement model. It discusses the challenges in measuring hierarchy and the advantages of the latent variable approach. The chapter details the construction of the measures, incorporating various indicators such as trade dependence, foreign aid, alliances, and troop deployments. It validates the measures by examining their relationship with key outcomes and comparing them to existing data. The new measures provide a foundation for testing the book’s arguments.

Chapter 2 analyzes the regulation of colonial archives in Kenya as a method of racialized secret-keeping that involved cooperation between the Colonial Office in London and officials based in Kenya. It demonstrates that the regulation of its archives was one of several strategies of the colonial administration to control access to information and intelligence pertaining to the Emergency. The first half of this chapter examines the negotiations between the Colonial Office in London and the British colonial government in Nairobi over how best to deal with managing and securing secret records. The second half proceeds to analyze the only instance in which a “researcher” has ever been granted full and unconditional access to the secret records of the Emergency. In doing so, it argues that the British colonial government was interested not only in barring access to sensitive documents but also in enabling their use in highly controlled settings so that official documents could serve as evidence supporting sympathetic “research,” or propaganda, which vindicated the government at a time of growing critique.

Moral feelings (e.g., guilt, pity) and values (e.g., honesty, generosity) motivate humans to act on other people’s needs. Research over the last two decades has suggested that these complex constructs can be decomposed into specific cognitive-affective and neuroanatomical components. This chapter gives operational definitions of what distinguishes moral from other forms of social and emotional functions. The cognitive components that distinguish different moral feelings (e.g., guilt being related to self-agency and indignation to another person being the agent) are elucidated. An overview of evidence from brain lesion and functional imaging studies on moral judgement and feeling in general is presented, with a focus more specifically on recent evidence that links particular brain networks to specific moral feelings (in particular, guilt and sympathy). The implications of this evidence for understanding psychopathology are addressed. The chapter also discusses the implications of opposing models of frontal cortical function for the understanding of moral cognition. Suggestions for future avenues of research in this area are provided. The cognitive neuroscience of moral emotions and motivations may provide novel and powerful ways to gauge complex aspects of adaptive and maladaptive human social behaviour.

This chapter traces the development of money, credit and banking systems in Europe, from their origins to their modern forms. It examines how the reintroduction of monetary systems following the collapse of the Roman Empire contributed to economic growth. The chapter also discusses the evolution of credit markets, the rise of banks and the development of paper money, with an emphasis on the role these institutions played in supporting economic development. It explores the relationship between financial innovation and economic crises, illustrating how the financial system has both facilitated growth and contributed to periods of instability. The chapter concludes by assessing the impact of financial systems on long-term economic development in Europe.

In the terms of the present volume, ‘Russia’ is an anachronism. The Land of Rus’ was a collection of principalities united (or frequently disunited) under the Rurikid dynasty and owing at least theoretical allegiance to the senior prince with his seat at Kiev, to which some of the other princes could aspire to succeed. The people of the land were nevertheless united not only by a vague Rus’ identity, but by their Orthodox Christian faith and by their use of an East Slavonic vernacular; it is this cultural community that will be the subject of the present chapter. Nor was ‘travel literature’ a concept with which this community was familiar, and the texts grouped under this heading from a modern perspective are very disparate. The tradition of embedding geographical or anthropological information in works of history goes back to Herodotus, and was maintained by the Byzantine chroniclers, some of whose works were translated into Slavonic and formed the model for native historiography. The chronicles, therefore, provide a frequent context for descriptions of travel of all kinds. Unusually for Slavonic literature, this was the limit of Byzantine influence.

This fifth chapter explores the issue of conscientious provision and its role in the regulation of conscience. It first argues that conscientious provision ought to be protected in a similar manner to conscientious objection. It argues that it is problematic to fail to consider conscientious provision as worthy of protection. It then examines what the protection of conscientious provision might entail and what a model for its regulation would be. It tests this model in relation to the provision of an abortion in the United States after the decision in Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Org, et. al.

The Epilogue speculates on what Haydn might think about a study of his minuets and considers further applications of the research to other repertoires and fields.

In this chapter, we focus on the neuronal networks underlying the socio-affective capacities empathy and compassion. We first provide definitions of empathy and compassion and give an overview of the historical development in social neuroscience related to empathy and compassion research, with a focus on differentiating between empathy, empathic distress, compassion, and related concepts of social understanding like Theory of Mind. We then examine the neuronal networks underlying these distinct social capacities and discuss the latest discoveries in this field. Next, we turn to the plasticity of the social brain and compare training approaches in their efficacy in improving socio-affective and socio-cognitive capacities. This is followed by the exploration of how psychopathological symptoms are differentially related to empathy, compassion, and socio-cognitive skills. Lastly, we conclude the main findings of this chapter and provide questions for future neuroscientific and psychological research on empathy and compassion.

During the Jim Crow era, jails were an essential tool for the enforcement of white supremacy. For Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., the long-term goal of the civil rights movement was to destroy the Jim Crow system through a vigilant strategy of nonviolent protest that would fill the jails and shine a light on injustice. King elevated this strategy through his own arrest, incarceration, and subsequent Letter from Birmingham Jail. King’s letter offered a scathing indictment of the gradualist strategy for achieving racial justice in Alabama that had led to unsolved bombings of Black institutions, unfair treatment in the legal system, and police brutality. In response to those who criticized his presence in Birmingham for the march, he wrote that he could not “sit idly by” in Atlanta and continue to be indifferent. “Injustice anywhere was a threat to justice everywhere.”