The 5-item Appearance subscale of the Contingencies of Self-Worth Scale (CSWS; Crocker et al., 2003) assesses the extent to which individuals base their self-worth on their appearance. The CSWS can be administered online or in-person to adolescents and adults and is free to use in any setting. This chapter first discusses the development of the CSWS and its seven domains and then provides evidence of its psychometrics, underscoring the Appearance subscale given its connection to body image, the focus of this handbook. More specifically, the Appearance subscale has been found to be a distinct factor within the 7-factor CSWS, which was found to be invariant across gender. Internal consistency reliability, test-retest reliability, convergent validity, discriminant validity, incremental validity, and predictive validity support the use of the Appearance subscale. Next, this chapter provides the Appearance subscale items in their entirety, instructions for administering the Appearance subscale to participants, the item response scale, and the scoring procedure. Links to known CSWS translations are included. Logistics of use, such as permissions, copyright, and contact information, are available for readers.

The traditional case register involved assembling records of people with a given condition in order to support cohort studies to describe and investigate the course of their condition and other outcomes. This old design has been resurrected and revolutionised following the widespread implementation of fully electronic healthcare records over the past few decades, providing ‘big data’ resources that are both large and very detailed. These, in turn, are being further enhanced through linkages with complementary administrative data (both health and non-health) and through natural language processing generating structured meta-data from source text fields. This chapter provides an overview of this rapidly developing research infrastructure, considering and advising on some of the challenges faced by researchers planning studies using clinical data and by those considering future resource development.

The 28-item Body Exposure during Sexual Activities Questionnaire (BESAQ; Cash et al., 2004) assesses respondents’ anxious attentional focus on and avoidance of exposing their body during sexual relations. The BESAQ can be administered online or in-person to sexually active adolescents or adults and items are averaged to obtain a total score. It is free to use. This chapter first discusses the development of the BESAQ and then provides evidence of its psychometrics. More specifically, internal consistency reliability, test-retest reliability, and construct validity support the use of the BESAQ. Next, this chapter provides all BESAQ items, instructions for administering the BESAQ to participants, the item response scale, and the scoring procedure. An 18-item abbreviated form is discussed. Known translations are provided. Logistics of use, such as permissions, copyright, and contact information, are provided for readers.

The 26-item Body Dissatisfaction Scale for Adults (BDS; Tariq & Ijaz, 2015) assesses dissatisfaction with different parts of body. The BDS can be administered online and/or in-person to young adults, and adults and is free to use in any setting. This chapter first discusses the development of the BDS and then provides evidence of its psychometrics. More specifically, the BDS has been found to have 4-factor structure for males and 3- factor structure for females within exploratory factor analyses and has been found to be mostly invariant across different cultures and languages (except 1 item). Internal consistency reliability, test-retest reliability, and concurrent validity, support the use of the BDS. Next, this chapter provides the BDS items in their entirety, instructions for administering the BDS to participants, the item response scale, and the scoring procedure. Logistics of use, such as permissions, copyright, and contact information, are provided for readers.

The Mexican Constitution prohibits any form of discrimination that infringes on human dignity, rights, and freedoms. This is further reinforced by the federal labor law, which outlines discriminatory workplace practices, and the federal law for preventing and eliminating discrimination, which provides preventive measures, equality initiatives, and complaint procedures. Employers in Mexico are legally required to adhere to these regulations. Although no specific legal standards exist for demonstrating reliability and validity in employment selection tests, employers using such tests must demonstrate their job-related relevance. Employers found guilty of discrimination may face fines ranging from 1,400 to 30,000 USD, with penalties determined by intent, severity, and recurrence. Common administrative sanctions include mandatory training for involved staff and internal awareness campaigns. Publicizing these cases has proven effective in raising awareness in human resources professionals, encouraging the elimination of discriminatory practices in the workplace. These legal and administrative measures aim to foster a fair and inclusive work environment in Mexico.

The 16-item Body and Appearance Self-Conscious Emotions Scale (BASES; Castonguay et al., 2014) was developed to measure shame, guilt, authentic pride, and hubristic pride for use in body- and appearance-related contexts. The BASES can be administered online or in-person to adolescents and adults and is free to use. This chapter first discusses the development of the BASES and then provides evidence of its psychometrics. Findings from exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis support a 4-factor structure (body shame, body guilt, authentic pride, hubristic pride). Internal consistency reliability, test-retest reliability, content validity, concurrent validity, convergent validity, discriminant validity, and incremental validity support the use of the BASES. Next, this chapter provides the BASES items in their entirety, instructions for administering the BASES to participants, item response scale, and scoring procedure. Links to known translations are provided. Logistics of use, such as permissions, copyright, and contact information, are provided for readers.

The 12-item Intuitive Eating Scale-3 (IES-3; Tylka et al., 2024) assesses intuitive eating, or being connected to internal hunger, satiety, and appetitive cues and flexibly using these cues to determine when, what, and how much to eat. The IES-3 can be administered online or in-person and is free to use in any setting. This chapter first discusses the development of the IES-3 and then provides evidence of its psychometrics. More specifically, the IES-3 has been shown to have a general IE factor and four specific factors (unconditional permission to eat, eating for physical rather than emotional reasons, reliance on internal hunger and satiety cues, body-food choice congruence) via bifactor exploratory structural equation modeling. The IES-3 was found to be invariant across gender and lacked measurement bias across gender, age, and BMI. Internal consistency reliability, test-retest reliability, convergent validity, discriminant validity, and incremental validity support the use of the IES-3. Next, this chapter provides the IES-3 items in their entirety, instructions for administering it to participants, the item response scale, and the scoring procedure. Logistics of use, such as permissions, copyright, and contact information, are available for readers.

This chapter examines bias and fairness in employment testing in the Netherlands, addressing twenty key questions related to historical and cultural developments, legal frameworks, professional guidelines, and psychometric issues. Although equal treatment is a fundamental legal principle, perceptions of hiring discrimination remain widespread. The chapter explores demographic shifts that have shaped discussions on employment fairness and outlines the Dutch legal framework, focusing on the Equal Treatment Act and the role of the Netherlands Institute for Human Rights in handling discrimination complaints. It also highlights the relatively limited attention given to fairness in professional guidelines for practitioners. Furthermore, the chapter evaluates how psychological tests are assessed for bias, particularly through analyses of score differences, differential item functioning, and measurement invariance, while noting the scarcity of research on predictive bias. Emerging challenges, such as algorithmic bias, are also examined. Finally, the chapter discusses recent legislative efforts to promote fairness in employment testing, including a proposed law that was rejected in 2024.

What it means to flourish and to live well the life that is good for one to live is typically addressed in psychology by formidable research programs on the Big Three constructs of purpose, wisdom, and moral identity. Yet each construct fails to address, and so is unable to resist, what Kekes (1995) calls the permanent adversities of contingency, conflict, and evil. These adversities are inescapable features of human agency that will compromise good lives in pursuit of purpose, wisdom, and character unless the resources of moral wisdom are cultivated. This chapter first discusses why contingency, conflict, and evil are permanent adversities and how they constitute impediments to flourishing. The second part gives an account of moral wisdom and the means at its disposal for controlling permanent adversities. It will be seen that the work of moral wisdom is strongly metacognitive, involving both knowledge (declarative, procedural, and conditional) and regulation (planning, selection, control, monitoring, and evaluation) processes. The remaining sections will take up the implication of moral wisdom for the Big Three constructs of purpose, wisdom, and moral identity, and the theoretical modifications required of them to account for good lives lived well.

The 16-item Physical Appearance and State and Trait Anxiety Scale (PASTAS; Reed et al., 1991) assesses state and trait level body image anxiety. The PASTAS can be administered online and/or in-person to adolescents and adults and is free to use in any setting. This chapter first discusses the development of the PASTAS and then provides evidence of its psychometrics. More specifically, the PASTAS has been found to have a two or three factor structure within exploratory factor analyses with evidence of factorial invariance in male and female samples, as well as sports and non-sports practitioners. Internal consistency reliability, test-retest reliability, convergent validity, discriminant validity, and incremental validity support the use of the PASTAS. Next, this chapter provides the PASTAS items in their entirety, instructions for administering the PASTAS to participants, the item response scale, and the scoring procedure. Logistics of use, such as permissions, copyright, and contact information, are provided for readers.

Clinical trials are a cornerstone of evaluating new interventions. Although there are similarities between clinical trials across medical specialties there are specific issues that need to be considered when designing, running and evaluating clinical trials in mental health. The purpose of this chapter is to present an overview of the common principles and methods of interventional clinical trials with illustrations drawn from general psychiatry. The chapter provides a guide to understanding clinical trials from design to analysis, drawing on recent work to illustrate fundamental concepts and covers novel factorial and platform designs. outlining advantages and disadvantages of each. This chapter summarises essential steps of interventional clinical trials in psychiatry describing the process from initial hypothesis generation, the role of patient and public involvement, steps to prepare a trial protocol, statistical considerations dissemination of results. The aim is to provide the reader with the tools to be able to understand different methodologies and in design of clinical trial in mental health.

Part II sets out and elaborates a new theory of chilling effects – a conformity theory – a central contribution of the book. Chapter 3, the first chapter in Part II, lays the theoretical and empirical foundation for this new understanding by connecting chilling effects with a broader body of social science and behavioral theory, in particular, research on social influence, like conformity and compliance. The author begins with an illustration of the power of extralegal social surveillance, convention, and norms to police behavior – at times more effective than laws – and the role of conformity and compliance in these contexts.

The 12-item Perceived Benefits of Thinness Scale (PBTS; Flatt et al., 2022)] assesses an individual’s beliefs about how being thinner would positively influence aspects of their life including their self-esteem, satisfaction, mood, relationships, and professional success. The PBTS can be administered online and/or in-person to adults and is free to use in any setting. This chapter first discusses the development of the PBTS and then provides evidence of its psychometrics. More specifically, the PBTS has been found to have a single-factor structure within exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. Internal consistency reliability, test-retest reliability, convergent validity, discriminant validity, and incremental validity support the use of the PBTS. Next, this chapter provides the PBTS items in their entirety, instructions for administration to participants, the item response scale, and the scoring procedure. Logistics of use, such as permissions, copyright, and contact information, are provided for readers.