Cicero wrote his Laelius de amicitia (Amic.) in the fall of 44 bce, at a time when he was becoming increasingly drawn into the turbulent political events precipitated by the assassination of Julius Caesar on 15 March. He was 62 years old and could look back on a distinguished career as a statesman, orator, and author of rhetorical and philosophical works but – as so often during his life – he found himself deeply concerned about the state of the Roman commonwealth. Disregard for the republican political process, competing factions and individuals, and the growing threat of violence and civil war meant that Cicero had to fear not only for the well-being of the res publica but also for his own. His concerns were only too justified: before the end of the following year, Cicero was dead, murdered at the behest of the newly established Second Triumvirate.

There’s a perception that computer science is constantly changing, and in some respects that’s true: There are always new languages, frameworks, and application domains rising up and old ones sinking down. All of this change that we see around us, though, is like the top part of an iceberg. The most visible elements of our field are built upon and supported by a deeper layer of knowledge that’s mostly invisible to the casual observer. This book is about what’s under the water, the fundamental things that make programming possible, even if we don’t see them right away.

Psychologists and others have long debated the moral consequences of religious identification, religious belief, spirituality, and religious ritual adherence. Many enlightened luminaries have been disquieted by fears of how people might act in a world without the strictures of God and religion. This chapter reviews data on how people around the world see morality and its linkage to religion. The chapter also considers theory and research on why people might want to act morally in the first place. One problem concerns defining just what people mean by moral character, a question explored from various angles. Moral psychology has developed as an important field, but one that frequently treats religious variables as an afterthought. Still, moral psychology is essential to understanding the development of values inside and outside religion and a large section of this chapter reviews relevant research and theory. The chapter also examines empirical studies of the connection between various measures of religiousness and generosity, charity, honesty, lawfulness, sexual propriety, sobriety, racial tolerance, open-mindedness, and other aspects of prosocial behavior.

This chapter provides an overview of dissemination and implementation science, which focuses on how clinical interventions can be effectively employed with various client populations in various settings. It reviews some of the ways – other than the one-to-one in-person format – that mental health care can be delivered, including in groups, couples, and families. It also describes advances in technology-delivered services, the increasing role of non-specialist providers in delivering mental health care around the world, and community-based efforts to prevent mental health problems. It concludes with a discussion of self-help and complementary integrative techniques, highlighting the broad range of methods available to deliver mental health services and the need to consider a wider range of delivery models to help reduce the global gap between treatment needs and treatment availability.

Computers have always mixed with art and music. Even in the earliest days of computing, when machines were the size of entire rooms, artists and composers began to harness them to create original works that could only exist in the digital realm. “Generative art” or “algorithmic art” is a term for works created according to a process that evolves with no or limited guidance from a human creator. Rather than directly making choices, the artist instead focuses on the design and initialization of a system that produces the final work. The appeal of algorithmic art lies in its combination of detail, technical complexity, and variation. Generative art frequently incorporates ideas from biology, physics, and mathematics.

This chapter describes families of relationship- and emotion-focused therapies, whose members include psychoanalytic, psychodynamic and humanistic treatments. It begins with Freud’s traditional psychoanalysis, which stresses the need for clients to develop insight into their primitive drives, unconscious conflicts, and patterns of relating. It next covers other psychodynamic approaches that share ideas with traditional psychoanalysis, including interpersonal therapy. It also describes humanistic treatments, including person-centered, Gestalt, and existential therapies, all of which emphasize each client’s unique way of experiencing the world. Psychodynamic and humanistic treatments are considered relational approaches because they place strong emphasis on the role of the therapeutic relationship in treatment. The chapter also describes other treatments such as motivational interviewing and emotion-focused therapy that emphasize the role of emotion and interpersonal relationships in helping clients overcome psychological problems.