This opening chapter provides a broad survey of the field. It describes what features define clinical psychology and what clinical psychologists do in their roles as researchers, therapists, teachers, consultants, and administrators. It describes the increasingly diverse demographic characteristics of clinicians and their clients, and the wide range of settings in which they work. The chapter also outlines the personal, educational, and experiential requirements needed to enter the field. It discusses the continued appeal of clinical psychology as a profession, popular conceptions and misconceptions about clinical psychologists held by the general public, and how clinical psychology overlaps with, and differs from, other mental health professions, including counseling, school, and educational psychology, as well as social work and psychiatry.

Arrays are Java’s fundamental low-level data structure, used to manage fixed-size collections of items. Chapter 2 introduced ArrayList, which implemented a resizable sequential collection of data items, similar to Python’s lists. Arrays are lower-level, but they’re often the best choice for representing fixed-size collections of items, such as matrices. Arrays are also the basic building block of many higher-level data structures. Therefore, understanding how to create and manipulate basic arrays is an essential skill.

This chapter describes the wide variety of interview and observation techniques commonly used by clinical psychologists in their work as therapists and researchers. It categorizes interviews according to their goals, including intake, diagnosis, orientation for treatment or research, problem-referral, termination or debriefing, and crisis intervention. It then describes the characteristics of structured, semi-structured, and unstructured interviews, the typical stages of interviews and what research has revealed about the reliability and validity of differing types of interviews. Clinical observational techniques are described in much the same manner, including discussion of their goals and types as well as research on their strengths and limitations. The chapter also highlights various factors – particularly interview and observation structure, client diversity, and clinicians’ biases – that can affect the results of interviews and observations.

Recursion is a fundamental concept in computer science. A recursive algorithm is one that defines a solution to a problem in terms of itself. That is, recursive techniques solve large problems by building up solutions of smaller instances of the same problem. This turns out to be a powerful technique, because many advanced algorithmic problems and data structures are fundamentally self-similar.

An overview of digital communications techniques is given. The notions of source, transmitter, channel, receiver, and sink are explained. Examples of digital communication schemes and respective applications are given. The main quantities and performance measures are introduced and summarized. The fundamental trade-off between both power efficiency and bandwidth efficiency is characterized.

Bjerknes pointed out for the first time that the evolution of the atmosphere is governed by a complete set of seven equations with seven unknowns. If we know both the equations and the initial conditions with sufficient accuracy, we can predict the weather. In this chapter, we first introduce the continuous equations that govern the atmosphere. From these equations, we then discuss several fundamental wave oscillations existing in the atmosphere and their filtering approximations. For comparison, we then introduce the primitive equations for the oceans and discuss the Kelvin and Equatorially trapped waves, a special kind of waves that can appear in both the atmosphere and the ocean.

Pinterest is a social media platform that allows users to assemble images or other media into customized lists, then share those lists with others. Pinterest calls these lists “pinboards” and the items added to each board “pins,” analogous to real-world physical bulletin boards. Like other social media systems, Pinterest wants to recommend new content to its users to keep them engaged with the service. In 2018, Pinterest introduced a system called Pixie as a component of their overall recommendation infrastructure (Eksombatchai et al., 2018). It uses a graph model to represent the connections among items, then explores that graph in a randomized way to generate recommendations. In this chapter, we’ll build our own system based on the graph algorithms used by Pixie.

We live in a networked world. Professional networks, social networks, neural networks – we’re all familiar with the idea that connections matter. This chapter introduces graphs, our last major topic. Graphs are the primary tool for modeling connections or relationships among a set of items; binary trees, for example, are a special type of graph. Graph models illustrate the power of abstraction: They capture the underlying structure of a network, independent of what the elements actually represent. Therefore, graph algorithms are flexible – they’re not tied to one particular application or problem domain.

Subgrid-scale processes refer to the processes that are vital for describing atmospheric motion but cannot be explicitly resolved due to insufficient model resolution. Although these processes occur at small scales, they depend on and, in turn, affect the larger-scale fields and processes that are explicitly resolved by a numerical model. Due to this two-way interaction, neglecting those subgrid-scale processes will degrade the quality of the weather forecast. To reproduce this two-way interaction, the subgrid-scale processes are “parameterized” by formulating their effects in terms of the resolved fields. Using the prognostic equation for water vapor as an example, we illustrate the general principle of parameterization. We then outline the crucial processes parameterized in today’s numerical weather prediction models. To facilitate the understanding about how parameterizations are implemented in a weather model, a simplified general circulation model with simple parameterizations, SPEEDY, is introduced to the readers.