The Taiwan Incident of 1874 – a prolonged Sino-Japanese confrontation over the killing of Ryukyu castaways, whom Japan claimed as its subjects – marked the full maturation of a new mode of Qing war preparation. This mode was characterized by global coordination, domestic and international competition, and the swift mobilization of personal connections to secure foreign weapons and loans – resources that were often interconnected. Facilitated by the efforts of various actors, this internationalized approach became a standard practice during the empire’s final decades. As the empire could no longer rely on domestic self-sufficiency in arms and funding, Qing military operations came to reflect the broader influence of global military and financial resources. The Qing empire’s capacity to mobilize global resources in pursuit of national objectives helps explain its resilience in an era dominated by imperial powers.

Native forests in Aotearoa/New Zealand are at significant risk from the plant diseases myrtle rust and kauri dieback. Mobilising for Action (MFA) was a four-year transdisciplinary research project exploring the social dimensions of these pathogens and forest health through social science, humanities, creative arts and mātauranga Māori (Māori knowledge), with experts, artists, iwi/hapū (tribes/sub-tribes) and communities, empowering and supporting them in their efforts to address forest disease and promote forest health. A waka houora (double-hulled canoe) framework guided MFA to enable Western knowledge systems to operate alongside mātaurangā Māori, allowing for collaboration, cross-cultural learning and Indigenous empowerment through artistic research and related approaches. We propose that through various creative arts approaches, MFA built relationships and partnerships between Māori and other cultures, people and forests and disciplines, in addition to developing novel research methods in forest health through storytelling and narratives, offering new possibilities in critical forest studies and care.

Aelian and Porphyry claim that only the horns of a specific species of Scythian ass can contain the corrosive water of the Styx. They also state that Alexander the Great received one of these horns from a certain Sopater as a gift, on which he had an epigram engraved before dedicating it at Delphi. This article explores the connection between this story and the reports of Alexander’s alleged assassination by the Antipatrids. In these reports, the poison used is often said to be the water of the Styx, held in an equine hoof. The tale reported by Aelian and Porphyry can be interpreted as part of the propaganda war during the time of the Diadochi, specifically as a piece of counter-propaganda responding to the accusation of treason against Antipater and his family and aiming to exonerate them.

The importance of additional language learning (ALL) is on the rise, but we do not yet have a full understanding of how learners with different characteristics approach this task. Here, we discuss the potential impact of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), a prevalent learning disability, on classroom ALL. Learners with ADHD show difficulties in the attention networks of sustained attention and executive control. It is critical, therefore, to ask how these difficulties of learners with ADHD might manifest in the demanding task of ALL, but to date there is very limited research examining this issue. The current paper sets out a theoretical framework for examining ALL in learners with ADHD, reviews the extant literature, and most importantly calls for future research to examine the way in which learners with ADHD manage the process of ALL, in an effort to highlight the involvement of sustained attention and executive control in ALL more generally.

This article considers the history of Emergency Health Kits established by United Nations agencies and the larger medical non-governmental organizations of the 1980s to analyse the significance of standardized responses in humanitarian emergencies. We argue that, far from being a rigid and immutable response, the kits reflected a (not universally realized) desire to standardize and control both supplies and medical care from international organizations. As such, humanitarian medical practice remained a disputed field in which each object or drug was negotiated at the risk of creating innovation traps. Coming at a time of increasingly global logistics capacities, the Emergency Health Kits became a central feature of a more coordinated global marketplace of humanitarian aid. The kits’ promise to provide rapid transport of emergency supplies to crisis settings across the world was often experienced as a construct, with long delays and logjams in certain regions. Even so, humanitarian organizations were agents of globalization because they imagined a system of centralized production in the Global North and supply to isolated and/or insecure locations across the world.

In a normal pregnancy, glucocorticoids (GC), such as cortisol, play an essential role in early heart development. GC concentrations surge in late gestation to facilitate the maturation of fetal systems in preparation for birth. However, pregnancy complications related to stress, lifestyle factors, disease, and commonly used antenatal care treatments (GC therapy and artificial reproductive technology) can lead to prematurely increased GC concentrations that are detrimental to the heart before it is mature enough to benefit. These findings underpin the hypothesis that GC play a double-edged role that benefits normal heart development but is potentially harmful when dysregulated. However, the mechanisms by which both physiological and pathological elevations in GC concentrations influence the fetal cardiometabolic pathways that lead to detrimental long-term cardiovascular outcomes remain unclear. This review will, firstly, describe how cortisol regulates different aspects of cardiac development and, secondly, compare findings from different animal models that have provided mechanistic insight into how excess cortisol/GC during pregnancy impacts cardiac health across the life course.

While Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services-mandated Antimicrobial Stewardship Programs are now in place across U.S. skilled nursing facilities, reported high rates of compliance may mask persistent gaps in clinical effectiveness. This review summarizes evidence-based antimicrobial stewardship interventions, their impact, and practical tools to support implementation. Resources from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, other frameworks, and proposed metrics are highlighted to guide effective stewardship in resource-variable nursing home settings.

This article seeks to answer the question of how interbranch organisations (IBOs) can facilitate coordination among agents involved in transactions within agri-food chains. An IBO is a complex entity that establishes relationships among agents operating at different stages of a supply chain. The empirical analysis focuses on the Italian tomato supply chain and adopts a Process-tracing approach. The study is grounded in meso-institutions theory and demonstrates how the meso-institutional nature of the analysed IBO helps explain its role in establishing coordination among agents by performing the functions outlined by the theory. The institutional outcome of this relationship is the adoption of a contractual system that facilitates coordination itself. The contractual system identified provides an example of the articulation between the meso-institutional and micro-institutional levels.

American sloughgrass [Beckmannia syzigachne (Steud.) Fernald] is a troublesome wheat weed. We tested the germination of B. syzigachne seeds under different temperatures with growth chambers (12 h dark/12 h light, 12000 lx), simulating those during the sowing periods of early- (25/15 C), ordinary- (20/10 C), late- (15/5 C), and very late-sown winter wheat (5/0 C). We also tested the accumulated temperatures required for seedling growth to the 2- to 5-leaf stages, using 225 populations collected from wheat fields in eastern China. The average 1000-seed weight of the 225 populations was 1.2 ± 0.01 g. Overall populations tested did not show seed germination after 21 days of treatment (DAT) at 5/0 C or constant 30 C. At 14 DAT with 25/15 C, 20/10 C, and 15/5 C, the mean germination rates were 85.4%, 6.4%, and 0.1%, respectively. These rates increased to 99.9%, 58.6%, and 21.7% at 21 DAT. Populations collected from lower latitude regions germinated significantly faster (P < 0.05) under optimal conditions. Accumulated temperatures required for growing the 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th leaf were 139.0 ± 1.0, 127.8 ± 1.0, 115.6 ± 1.0, and 98.9 ± 0.7 C, which showed a significant decreasing trend. The narrower optimal temperature range for B. syzigachne seed germination and higher thermal requirements for early seedling growth constrain its distributions, while the heterogeneous seed germination facilitates its infestations in wheat planting areas in eastern China.

The dating of the qameṣ shift (*/aː/ > [ɔː]) in the Tiberian tradition of Biblical Hebrew has long been a scholarly puzzle. In this article I present possible evidence for this shift in the Greek transcriptions of Origen’s Hexapla, datable to the first half of the third century ce in Palestine. While the evidence is limited both in attested tokens and in grammatical scope, it is suggested that lexical diffusion may account for the gradual spread of this shift, as recorded in different stages of the transmission of Biblical Hebrew.

This study investigates the production, online processing, and offline comprehension of non-canonical structures in Mandarin-speaking children with Developmental Language Disorder (DLD). We tested three Mandarin non-canonical structures, which differed in word order, the presence or absence of morphosyntactic cues, and the distance between the displaced element and its trace. Syntactic priming was adopted to elicit production, and a self-paced listening task with picture verification was used to examine online processing and offline comprehension accuracy, among 22 DLD children aged 5 to 9 and 37 age-, SES-, and nonverbal IQ-matched typically developing (TD) children. Results showed a quantitative difference between DLD and TD children across non-canonical structures in production and offline comprehension. In online processing, TD children immediately used different cues when they were available, whereas DLD children relied on the most informative cue within a given structure and context and integrated redundant cues only at a later stage. These findings point toward a complex interaction of representational weakness and domain-general processing constraints whereby DLD children show difficulties in allocating processing resources to integrate multiple linguistic cues.

When it was first introduced, the Youth Criminal Justice Act (YCJA) had two primary goals of reducing the reliance on custody and increasing uniformity in sentencing practices. Twenty years later, the YCJA has succeeded in dramatically lowering overall rates of youth in custody, but this gain has been selectively experienced by non-Indigenous youth and regional disparities in sentencing practices persist. In this paper, we suggest that the YCJA’s inability to meet its goals is due to overcriminalization by over depth. Using Indigenous youth sentencing as a case study, we argue the YCJA’s layered and sometimes conflicting principles have symptoms of overcriminalization by over depth, including over- and under-inclusiveness, arbitrariness, and confusion in implementation. To more effectively meet the YCJA’s initial goals, we propose legislative streamlining and systemic reforms, including specialized Indigenous youth courts and enhanced community-based resources, as pathways to greater justice.

Social cohesion suffers when people perceive that they live among others who differ from them, even if such people live in homogeneous neighborhoods. This article shows that (1) two individuals who live in equally diverse local contexts may not perceive the same amount of diversity in that context, nor think of the boundaries of their local community in the same way; and (2) when comparing two individuals who live in equally diverse local contexts, the one who thinks they live with more minorities tends, on average, to see lower social cohesion and less collective efficacy among their neighbors. These descriptive results align with a causal framework that distinguishes the objective environment from that of the subjective context. Revealing that perceptions of social reality matter above and beyond the experience of objective context adds evidence to a theory of context effects that involves perceptions as well as experience.

Higher-order uncertainty is uncertainty about what one’s evidence supports. In many cases, a rational reaction to such uncertainty is to engage in inquiring activities like double-checking or redeliberating, with the aim of securing a firmer grasp of the evidence. An attractive idea is to account for the epistemic impact of higher-order uncertainty in terms of these inquiring activities. However, I argue that zetetic accounts along these lines are, at best, incomplete, because they cannot deal satisfactorily with cases in which higher-order uncertainty persists even if further inquiry is not required (cases at the end of inquiry). In this paper, I put forward a more general account of the impact of higher-order uncertainty. On this view, higher-order uncertainty may defeat propositional justification by undermining one’s access to the relevant evidence. Losing access to some evidence often calls for further inquiry. However, when this further inquiring is ineffective, inadvisable, or merely optional, one may be justified to adopt instead revised attitudes that fit one’s limited access to the evidence. This proposal accounts for the impact of higher-order uncertainty at the end of inquiry and offers an appealing explanation of the relations between this type of uncertainty and inquiry.