The right to roam – balancing inclusion and enclosure. In Norway, the right to roam is an old custom – a right to traverse and gather berries, herbs and firewood on uncultivated lands – dating back to the Viking Age. In 1957, this right was included in Norwegian laws, in the Outdoor Life Act (Friluftslova). The law transformed agrarian lands into areas for outdoor life and recreation, primarily walking and hiking. However, due to modernisation, the activities performed today are very different than those in the 1950s, involving many sorts of technical devices and installations, commercial activities and a different landscape. The law was a manifestation of the Norwegian outfields as a commons, but what is a commons for some can be an enclosure for others. This is the topic of this article: how the right to roam includes many and much but represents encroachment, displacements and enclosures and has created crowding, natural wear and tear and urges for management regimes. The article describes this as a balance between inclusion and enclosure. The article has two major parts: one presenting the academic discussion about inclusion and enclosure, the other discussing the implementation of the principle in Norway in light of this theory.

Blockchain, an emerging technology exhibiting swift growth, significantly bolsters transparency within a given supply chain, enabling secure traceability, backtracking, and info tracing. Blockchain technology holds substantial promise for the dairy sector, offering enhancements unnecessary market intermediaries, thereby broadening access to credit and insurance for farmers, particularly in developing economies Such advancements could lead to more sustainable, efficient, and resilient livestock practices. However, the technology faces challenges, including the need for sophisticated infrastructure, cross-platform software, and skilled personnel with advanced expertise. Divergence in technological capabilities between developed and developing nations may hinder trade and exacerbate disparities. Regulatory barriers could also restrict blockchain's application. Thus, it is imperative to enhance blockchain knowledge among trade authorities and policymakers to facilitate its broader adoption. The objective of this review is to discuss principles of blockchain and proposed future work pathways for its use in the dairy industry.

Magnetic susceptibility variations in loess–paleosol successions are widely utilized proxy records for reconstructions of global climate change during the Pleistocene. Analysis of the role of local factors in the establishment of magnetic signatures is rarely addressed. This study compares magnetic records along several adjacent profiles exposed in three open quarries near Kaolinovo (NE Bulgaria). The effect of the position of the sampled locations in the local landscape on the magnetic enhancement is revealed by differences in the thickness and degree of pedogenic magnetic enhancement. The profile, situated in a local paleo-depression, revealed disturbed sedimentation and depletion in the magnetic susceptibility. At lateral distances of 2–3 km (between quarries) the magnetic records show firmly repeatable patterns. Magnetic, geochemical, and diffuse reflectance data demonstrate a trend of increasing content of pedogenic hematites towards older paleosols, while goethite has major contribution to dithionite extractable iron phases. A representative stacked record of magnetic susceptibility for the Kaolinovo site is established using the results from mineralogical analyses. Comparison of the stacked susceptibility record from Kaolinovo with other sites from Bulgaria reveal that loess–paleosol sequences preserve reliable and repeatable magnetic records of global climate change for the last three glacial–interglacial cycles.

Music was important in John Stuart Mill’s life. He was an accomplished pianist and a talented improviser. His works include treatments of various philosophical aspects of music, including its metaphysics, its epistemology, the sources and nature of its value, and its aesthetics. Some of his ideas on musical aesthetics are still of interest. This applies to his distinction between those reactions to music that are based on associations with non-musical experiences and those that are based on properties of the music itself. It also applies to his concepts of poetic and oratorical modes of musical expression. In addition to his other achievements, he should be recognized as a philosopher of music.

Skinfold callipers are used internationally in research, clinical and field settings to assess body composition and nutritional status. Notably, currently available instruments differ in important specificities that impact measurement. In this sense, this report proposes a methodological approach that organises skinfold callipers into three categories (Original, Generic and Hybrid) and three configurations (Type A, Type B and Type C) based on physical-mechanical properties and characteristics. Therefore, this concept provides technical support for choosing the most appropriate skinfold calliper in different contexts.

Carbon-14 (14C) is an important contributor to the collective effective dose to the public due to releases from nuclear power plants (NPPs). In Sweden, only airborne emissions of 14C from NPPs are currently routinely monitored, and the existing data on waterborne 14C discharges are limited. A recent study of 14C in brown algae (Fucus spp.) in Swedish coastal waters showed higher F14C values collected at Ringhals NPP, on the Swedish west coast, than expected. Therefore, this study aimed at assessing if blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) could be used to retrospectively estimate the 14C concentration of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) in seawater at three sites. A method was developed to extract the fibrous layer that forms visible annual structures in the shells. All samples were analyzed with accelerator mass spectrometry and the results compared with 14C data from Fucus spp. For one of the analyzed shells (structures from 1974–1978), from the site Särdal, F14C in Fucus spp. and M. edulis agreed very well. For another shell (1972–1978), shell structures from some of the earlier years displayed up to 6% lower F14C than Fucus spp. F14C in one shell from a remote site, Båteviken, only had small annual variations (2017–2022: F14C = 1.070 ± 0.015 (1 σ)). Two shells from Ringhals NPP had higher average F14C, and a significant temporal variability (2014–2022: F14C = 1.427 ± 0.268 (1 σ)). Difficulties in unambiguous identification of the annual structures in the shells, as well as the future potential of this method, are discussed.

A work of compact dual-port transparent multiple-input multiple-output antenna optimized for fifth-generation (5G) N77 (3.3–4.2 GHz) and N78 (3.3–3.8 GHz) bandwidth has been simulated, investigated, and optimized for robust performance in high-speed wireless communication. It features an impedance bandwidth of 3–4.3 GHz with a minimum simulated return loss of −28 dB, with 100% 3-dB axial ratio bandwidth and a simulated gain of 3.5 dB. The conducting plane material is indium tin oxide (ITO), chosen for its high optical transparency and sufficient electrical conductivity to seamlessly integrate into visually demanding applications. The substrate is glass, chosen for its lightweight and durable properties, which enhance both the mechanical durability of the antenna and its electromagnetic performance. To validate the ITO-based simulated design, the prototype with the same geometrical specification has been fabricated with the conducting portion replaced with copper and substrate as glass material due to a lack of facilities for transparent antenna fabrication. The comparative investigation study between the proposed ITO-based transparent antenna and with copper-based prototype (simulated/measured) both on a glass substrate, has been discussed, which supports the findings.

Some arboreal monocotyledons, such as the dragon trees (Dracaena sp.), can develop impressive trunks (>5 m perimeter) through a lateral meristem, but their ages are difficult to determine. We report here a series of calibrated radiocarbon (14C) dates obtained from a stem section of Dracaena draco (L.) L. subsp. draco growing on the island of Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain. This radial section, about 40 cm long, was cut on October 18, 2023, from a large (∼60 cm diameter) branch that had fallen off the main stem of a privately owned dragon tree. In order to apply 14C calibration, and given the lack of clearly defined growth layers, we collected 33 sequential samples at ∼1-cm intervals along this radial section. A first attempt at wiggle-matching resulted in a calibrated dating of ∼1787 CE for the innermost sample. Because we only knew the spatial distance, but not the time interval, between 14C dates, we further applied calibration tools commonly used for sedimentary sequences. The Poisson-process deposition model in the software OxCal resulted in a calibrated age for the innermost sample of 1776–1798 CE (2σ). The classic and Bayesian age-depth deposition models available as R packages dated the innermost sample to, respectively, 1775–1862 and 1768–1813 CE. Because the branch was at a height of ∼3 m from the ground, and its section did not reach the pith, our results suggest that this dragon tree was ∼300 years old in 2023.

For any integer $t \geq 2$, we prove a local limit theorem (LLT) with an explicit convergence rate for the number of parts in a uniformly chosen t-regular partition. When $t = 2$, this recovers the LLT for partitions into distinct parts, as previously established in the work of Szekeres [‘Asymptotic distributions of the number and size of parts in unequal partitions’, Bull. Aust. Math. Soc. 36 (1987), 89–97].

The literature on internal commitment cites Adam Smith as a precursor because of his elaboration of diachronic control, and this has given rise to attempts to model his account. Some of these efforts stress the role he assigns to the “general rules of morality” by which the “bulk of mankind” ensure the constancy of their conduct, and interpret them as self-enforcing resolutions. But how could such internal tactics as adopted by weak agents be effective? How could the knowledge of general rules escape self-deception? We take a closer look at what Smith writes about beliefs and emotional dispositions regarding the important rules of morality.