Resilient Zulu moral economy compelled Natal’s sugar planters and white settler state to introduce Indian indentured workers since 1860. As concerns over productivity in a weak colonial economy informed this decision, meticulous management of labor time crucially shaped the treatment of migrant Indian indentees. Moreover, systemic violence in capital’s life processes formed the culture of work-discipline in the plantations and in other industrial sectors. Subsequently, as contract expired Indian indentees acquired relative economic mobility compared to Africans, they appeared in Zulu critiques of Natal’s settler colonial order. Ironically, dispossessed Zulus reproduced colonial logic of time management while discussing the comparative economic success of Indian “newcomers.” Zulu critiques of colonial labor management also complemented the racial exclusivity of migrant Indians. Analyzing the complex workings of capital, labor, and race in nineteenth-century Natal, this article explains how capital’s life processes shaped violent conflicts in the intimate domestic space of working-class lifeworld.

The study explores the engagement of Russophone Ukrainians with educational policies that increase the status of the Ukrainian language, the standardized tests of Ukrainian, and the subject tests that could be passed in Ukrainian. It argues that this centralized unitary language policy has received support from Russophones. It does so by analyzing the language choices of Russophone students when taking standardized tests in various subjects, as well as admission policies and discussions of relevant policies in local media and social media of the Russophone city of Kharkiv. It shows that following the introduction of standardized tests, the value of Ukrainian has increased across various actors: students have been choosing Ukrainian more, universities have valued Ukrainian in the admission process, and local citizens have defended the status of Ukrainian, relying on decolonial rhetoric. It shows that the decolonial framing of the Ukrainization policies resonated with Russophones enough for them to support them, and not to result in a backlash.

In Euclidean geometry, a tangential polygon or a circumgon is a polygon that contains an inscribed circle which is also called an incircle and the radius of its incircle is called the inradius. A tangential polygon may be concave or convex. If it is concave, it is the extension of some of its sides that is tangent to the incircle. In this Article we restrict ourselves to convex tangential polygons, so that their corresponding incircles are tangent to each of its sides. Every regular polygon is a circumgon and there are also irregular polygons that are circumgons but not all irregular polygons are circumgons. In what follows, we shall use circumgon or tangential polygon interchangeably according to the situation.

In this paper, a highly integrated wideband 3 × 3 Nolen Matrix with inherent filtering characteristics is proposed. It is based on an arbitrary-phase-difference (A-PD) filtering coupler and phase compensation networks. The proposed A-PD filtering coupler, composed of three groups of coupled lines, offers outstanding advantages, including wide bandwidth, flat output distributions, high frequency selectivity, and compact structure. To address the challenges introduced by the series topology of the Nolen matrix, a differential phase shift network and a phase slope adjustment network are incorporated, ensuring a constant phase difference between stages and minimizing in-band phase errors at the output ports. By integrating the A-PD filtering coupler with the phase compensation networks, a compact Nolen matrix centered at 3.5 GHz is realized, occupying only 0.5 λg × 0.5 λg. Measurement results validate its excellent performance, demonstrating an overlapping bandwidth exceeding 50% under the criteria of 10-dB return loss, 3-dB passband, ±1 dB amplitude imbalance, and ±5° phase difference error. Furthermore, the design achieves over 15 dB stopband rejection.

Biometric identification represents a transformative, advanced technology with significant implications for herd management. Its adoption addresses the critical requirement of accurate identification methods along with upgraded approaches on higher traceability, disease control, genetic management, and economic returns. In this work, a database of muzzle images was collected from 264 Vrindavani cattle, with ages ranging from 6 months to 10 years. To assess the accuracy of muzzle print as a biometric means of identification, this study investigated the efficiency of a 68-layer convolutional neural network called SqueezeNet for the identification of Vrindavani cattle (a crossbred developed in India) using 2,640 muzzle images. It was observed that SqueezeNet gives a harmonious blend of superior accuracy and minimal complexity, rendering it an optimal option for devices with constrained specifications and computing power. Further, the results of this study showed an identification accuracy of 97.22% with a remarkably small model size (<4 MB). This compact size makes it significantly advantageous compared to other models.

Close friends Rebecca and Aisha are taking an integral calculus class. With their permission, we listen in on a conversation that they are having about an integration problem.

The paper analyses the creation of socialist Poland’s foreign and foreign economic policies from 1957 to 1967, focusing on the country’s involvement with the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and the European Economic Community (EEC). It argues that for the Polish policymakers, the interest in accession to GATT went beyond economic benefits such as alleviating the EEC’s protectionism and securing better terms for exports to the Common Market. Joining the Agreement was also important for the political goals of Polish diplomacy and was considered a part of a general drive for rapprochement with the West and implementation of the principle of peaceful coexistence. Redefining the scope of foreign policy, Polish diplomats attempted to embed Poland in a network of international interdependency and wanted to see the country as a pioneer of the East–West détente.

In a previous article [1] I showed that the probability of a difference of t units arising when n numbers from a uniform distribution are rounded before, as opposed to after, they are added is(1)Here n is a non-negative integer and t is a positive or negative integer with, the maximum possible error.