Environmental issues have an international dimension, with causes and consequences that extend beyond national borders—including the effects of the policies designed to address them. This paper investigates how different levels of environmental regulation influence the long-term spatial distribution of firms and households. The results suggest that only highly asymmetric regulations align with the Pollution Haven Hypothesis, causing firms to cluster in areas with lax environmental standards. In contrast, moderate differences in regulation tend to improve environmental quality across regions and can generate positive spillovers for countries adopting greener policies, such as attracting new residents and stimulating investment. While this lends support to the Porter Hypothesis, it does so through a less conventional mechanism. Rather than fostering innovation, stringent regulations enhances regional attractiveness by expanding the market size.

Why do incumbent governments carry out harsher repression against some opposition groups than others? Drawing on research on the coalitional nature of revolutions, we contend that governments target repression at segments of the challenger group they perceive as most threatening in order to fragment the challenger coalition. We illustrate this argument by analyzing protest repression during the 2011 Syrian uprising. We find that protestors in majority-Kurdish towns in Syria’s northeast region were significantly less likely to face lethal repression than those in nearby Sunni Arab towns protesting at the same rate. Qualitative evidence from interviews and the Arabic-language secondary literature demonstrate that the Syrian regime shaped its strategy of repression around diverting Kurdish protests from the regime-focused demands of the revolution, thereby separating Kurds from the primarily Sunni Arab opposition. These findings have implications for how ethnic and other identities can be used by incumbents and how incumbent regimes communicate with their populations through the selective deployment of violence.

Existing research analyzes government-recognized Indigenous autonomy as a late twentieth-century phenomenon. Yet even in the unlikely case of nineteenth-century Latin America, where central states systematically targeted Indigenous groups for exploitation, discrimination, and assimilation, governments sometimes adopted policies to recognize Indigenous communal landholding and self-government rights. This paper explores when and why this surprising recognition of Indigenous autonomy occurred. It argues that incumbents were most likely to recognize autonomy when (1) they viewed Indigenous leaders as valuable allies and (2) rural elites were sufficiently weak and could not block government policies they disliked. The former condition incentivized incumbents to recognize autonomy, while the latter gave them the capacity to do so. I test this argument using within-case comparisons across several nineteenth and early twentieth-century cases, which include Guatemala, El Salvador, Ecuador, Bolivia, Peru, and Mexico. The findings offer important insights into historical autonomy and the more recent expansion of Indigenous rights in Latin America.

We study the transfer of (co)silting objects in derived categories of module categories via the extension functors induced by a morphism of commutative rings. It is proved that the extension functors preserve (co)silting objects of (co)finite type. In many cases the bounded silting property descends along faithfully flat ring extensions. In particular, the notion of bounded silting complex is Zariski local.

Seabirds are experiencing a decline in their populations because of climate change and human activities. Understanding their spatiotemporal dynamics is crucial for effective conservation, but the distribution and movement patterns of pelagic seabirds are not yet fully elucidated. In the present study, we investigated the seasonal movements and wintering areas of Swinhoe’s Storm-petrel Hydrobates monorhis, a Near Threatened species that breeds primarily on islands in the north-western Pacific. The data analyses of geolocators retrieved from four birds showed that Swinhoe’s Storm-petrels migrated across the north-western Pacific and Indian Oceans and wintered in the Arabian Sea. The distance between their breeding colony and the wintering area was approximately 6,700 km, and the tracking distance for a seasonal migration exceeded 12,000 km. The migration pathway was characterised by large-scale movements in both north–south and east–west directions in the Eurasian offshore regions, which previously had been inferred from direct observations at such areas but not empirically confirmed. Wintering areas in the Arabian Sea overlapped with regions where plankton blooms are triggered by the monsoon in winter, which may produce high marine productivity and support the wintering of Swinhoe’s Storm-petrels in this sea area.

Informal care-giving studies have largely ignored how gender and labour force participation intersect to shape filial support across diverse national contexts over time. In particular, comparative longitudinal research that explores care-giving intensity in relation to adult children’s employment status and gender remains scarce. This study addresses this gap by developing a typology of filial support and examining how care-giving patterns vary by gender and labour force participation across different country clusters in Europe and Israel.

Drawing on longitudinal data from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe, we apply latent Markov models and multi-level latent class analysis to identify seven distinct filial support states, ranging from no support to very intense support. We also classify 28 countries into three clusters based on levels of involvement in filial support: low, moderate and high.

Our findings indicate significant disparities based on gender and employment status, with daughters tending to provide more intensive support than sons, even when employed. Unemployed sons in countries with moderate involvement in filial support were three times more likely to provide intensive care compared to their counterparts in countries characterized by low or higher involvement. These variations suggest that support to ageing parents is deeply shaped by gendered employment opportunities and cultural care-giving norms.

This complexity underscores the necessity for nuanced policy approaches to support care-givers effectively, considering both gender inequalities and employment contexts. Recognizing these intricate patterns of informal care can inform targeted interventions, ultimately addressing the care-giving burden within ageing societies more effectively.

To achieve more targeted antibiotic use, this research paper addresses the investigation of a quarter-selective dry cow therapy (QSDCT) on 16 commercial dairy farms based solely on the pathogen species detected. Cytobacteriological analysis was performed on quarter milk samples collected 2 weeks prior to drying off and 3 to 5 days after calving. Treatment decisions were based on results before dry-off: Only quarters infected with major bacterial pathogens were treated with antibiotics. To prevent new intramammary infections (IMI), all quarters received an internal teat sealant. A total of 1,155 dry periods were evaluated. Only 8.1% of all quarters (range per farm 2.6% – 28.8%) were treated with antibiotics at dry-off and a high bacteriological cure risk of 97.1% was determined for IMI in these antibiotic-treated quarters. For IMI caused by minor pathogens a self-cure risk of 82.1% was observed. The risk of new IMI after calving was 14.6%. Results of binomial logistic regression models indicated that self-cure of IMI by minor pathogens was not related to the pathogen group, the level of quarter somatic cell count at dry-off, or the presence of at least one other quarter infected with minor pathogens in a cow. Furthermore, the risk for new IMI in uninfected quarters was not increased by the presence of at least one quarter infected with major pathogens within cow. However, 95.4% of all IMI by major pathogens after calving were due to new IMI. In conclusion, a pathogen-based QSDCT can be successfully applied on commercial dairy farms to reduce the antibiotic use, but more attention should be paid to prevent new IMI.

The integration of gambling-like features in modern gaming blurs the line between gaming and gambling. Rapidly evolving monetisation strategies in games, especially microtransactions like loot boxes, exploit psychological reward processes similar to gambling disorder. These include variable ratio schedules, positively reinforced wins, and near-miss effects, among others. Such mechanisms encourage impulsive spending, prolonged engagement, and the development of problematic habits. The risks involved are especially concerning for younger players and individuals with comorbid mental health disorders, who may be more vulnerable to these features. Despite these clear parallels with gambling, regulatory frameworks often fail to address the overlap, leaving consumers exposed to financial and psychological harm. This editorial highlights the urgent need for an updated gambling definition in the context of gaming, increased transparency in game design, stricter age restrictions, and stronger regulatory oversight to safeguard player well-being as the industry continues to expand.

This paper uses a dynamic general equilibrium approach that takes into account the macroeconomic implications of the green transition and its consequences for public finances. It shows that when the government relies too heavily on expenditure-based measures, it threatens the sustainability of public debt, by increasing the probability of sovereign default, leading to higher interest rates on government bonds. This higher public default risk has potentially significant repercussions on investment financing conditions for the private sector, and increases the cost of the transition to a net-zero economy. On the other hand, carbon pricing policies make the transition more viable for public finances, at the expenses of similarly high economic costs, while remaining effective in reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The welfare-maximizing optimal policy mix results in a balanced approach, with the public sector’s contribution to the total mitigation effort increasing gradually, ranging from 25% to 40% between 2030 and 2050.

The evolutionary history of freshwater sponges (Porifera: Spongillida) in Australasia is poorly understood due to a paucity of fossils. A new genus and new species, Protooncosclera zealandiae n. gen. n. sp., family Potamolepidae, was discovered in southern New Zealand from lacustrine diatomites/spiculites of latest Oligocene–earliest Miocene of the Fossil-Lagerstätte at Foulden Maar. The fossil spicular complement is similar to that of the extant genus Oncosclera but differs from that and all other Spongillida genera by possessing a structured gemmular architecture armed by ornamented strongyles and strongyloxeas, with theca surrounded by a spicular cage of slender acanthoxeas, and a skeletal spicular complement of stout, smooth to spiny oxeas. This is the first fossil (pre-Quaternary) record of freshwater sponges from Australasia and fits into the Gondwana-like distribution of potamolepid freshwater sponges. Its discovery in a subtropical maar lake on the southwestern margin of Zealandia confirms a formerly wider geographic distribution of Potamolepidae in the Cenozoic, followed by range retractions related to post-Early Miocene climate cooling. The stratigraphic distribution of sponge remains at Foulden Maar demonstrates that sponges colonized the isolated maar lake soon after its formation, most likely by passive dispersal by water birds, and then thrived in the shallow water margins of the paleolake for ca. 130,000 years. Sponge remains, skeletal spicules and gemmules, frequently associated with coprolites indicate that sponges were consumed by one or more spongivorous taxa, presumably fish belonging to the Southern Hemisphere family Galaxiidae.

UUID: http://zoobank.org/72a81923-9766-4ae0-b980-28b2e3d98ebe

For $\ell \geq 3$, an $\ell$-uniform hypergraph is disperse if the number of edges induced by any set of $\ell +1$ vertices is 0, 1, $\ell$, or $\ell +1$. We show that every disperse $\ell$-uniform hypergraph on $n$ vertices contains a clique or independent set of size $n^{\Omega _{\ell }(1)}$, answering a question of the first author and Tomon. To this end, we prove several structural properties of disperse hypergraphs.