Guided by the question of why and how the Mediterranean Sea, the bond between Europe and its African empires, became a frontier, this chapter explores the formation of two separate migration regimes in Europe. One that is liberal for white migration of the European Communities; the other that is (unevenly) closed and concerns racialized migration of the post-imperial communities. Analysing a period from the 1940s to the late 1970s, this chapter uses archival material from national and European bureaucracies to establish the formation of differentiated mobility and social security regimes by means of international and EEC/EC law. The chapter shows how this process has happened gradually. European law initially recognized the coexistence of two ‘communities’ (one European, one postcolonial), within which the rules of free movement of workers and access to social rights for foreigners from postcolonial and European communities were (formally) equal. Later, national and European bureaucracies gradually established a double standard along racial lines, which became the norm in the 1970s. In so doing, European law has contributed to closing access to the wealth accumulated in the former colonial mainland countries to the racialized populations of the former colonies.

In late eighteenth-century Havana, residents frequently referred to the existence of large communities of negros and pardos as “officers in the trade of painter” and the authors of “exquisite works.” But who are these artists, and where can we find their works? What sort of works did they produce? Where were they trained, and how did they master their crafts with such perfection? By centering the artistic production and social worlds of artists of African descent in Cuba since the colonial period, this revisionist history of Cuban art provides compelling answers to these questions. Carefully researched and cogently argued, the book explores the gendered racial biases that have informed the constitution of the Cuban art canon; exposes how the ideologues of the slave-owning planter class institutionalized the association between “fine arts” and key attributes of whiteness; and examines how this association continues to shape art historical narratives in Cuba.

This chapter examines West German efforts to admit refugees from Chile. It argues that the rhetoric of antifascism mobilized by the Chile solidarity movement was influential during the government of Willy Brandt (1973–1974), because the key pillars of the Social Democratic Party (youth organizations, trade unions, and regional party structures) endorsed the admittance of refugees as antifascist fighters, and members of the Free Democratic Party also sanctioned the admittance of refugees from Chile. However, following Helmut Schmidt’ accession to the chancellorship in 1974, securing political asylum for refugees from Chile became far more challenging and nearly impossible for political refugees from Argentina. This is because Schmidt and fellow government officials opposed left-wing solidarity during a time in which the focus shifted towards stabilizing the economy and combating left-wing terrorism. The government’s stance forced the solidarity movement to emphasize their humanitarian motivations. As the case of Helmut Frenz’s engagement demonstrates, the politics of emergency coexisted with a market-critical understanding of the violence perpetrated by the Chilean military regime.

Question 1: Which of the following is NOT a common co-morbidity associated with hoarding disorder?

The opening chapter sets the stage for the book. It starts with a recount of the author’s first day at The Villages and her motivation to explore the aging experience in this "city for seniors." The second part details the study that forms the book’s foundation, including the research questions, methods, and participant descriptions. The third part outlines the book’s structure, providing a brief overview of each chapter.

After outlining the history of The Villages from its origins as a trailer park in the late 1960s to its present status, this chapter examines the factors behind its success. This discussion covers the unique master planning of the community, the extensive variety of leisure activities available to residents, and the population’s relative homogeneity. By distinguishing between the place and its residents, the chapter also reviews previous research on The Villages and identifies the gaps in the existing knowledge that this book aims to fill.

Tusculans 1 offers a multi-faceted refutation of the proposition ‘death is an evil’, accomplished in part through a detailed doxography of a wide range of philosophers of different schools. This survey is far from a jumble of contradictory views, however: Cicero avoids dogmatic insistence on the arguments of any single school and has instead crafted a minimally sectarian protreptic designed to convince readers of any philosophical persuasion that death is not an evil, an approach whose origin he traces back to Socrates’ reflections on death in Plato’s Apology. Furthermore, I argue that this approach amounts to a direct challenge to Cicero’s philosophical rivals, a group of Epicurean authors writing in Latin – including, I speculate, Lucretius – whom Cicero had criticiaed in several prefaces for their narrow-minded dogmatism. In Book 1 Cicero therefore tackles a topic of perennial interest, illustrates how philosophy can and should be written, and attempts to marginalise his Epicurean opponents.

This chapter introduces the major themes of the book. Insurance practices and related metaphors began expanding rapidly from a European base some 500 years ago. The simultaneous emergence of the modern state was hardly coincidental. Increasingly complex societies energized by market economies required protection from risks of various kinds. This required mobilizing and organizing private capital to achieve common goals. The deepening of markets and development of financial technologies now increases demands for protection beyond conventional borders. But where the fiscal power of the modern state underpinned national insurance and reinsurance systems, the absence of a global fiscal authority is exposed by rising cross-border, systemic, and global risks. That the background condition for necessary innovation in governance is uncertainty has also become undeniable.

Chapter 25 covers the topic of alcohol use disorder. Through a case vignette with topical MCQs for consolidation of learning, readers are brought through the diagnosis to management of a patient with alcohol use disorder. Topics covered include symptoms and diagnosis of acute intoxication and withdrawal symptoms of alcohol use, investigations, Wernicke’s enceophaloptahy, common co-morbidity, symptoms and treatment of alcohol withdrawal, delirium tremens, pharmacological and non-pharmacological management of alcohol use disorder.

This chapter provides an overview of William of Ockham’s theory of obligationes, a type of logical disputation developed in the twelfth century, popularized in the thirteenth century and persisting into the Renaissance, as it is found in Part III-3, chapters 39–45, of the Summa Logicae. Ockham discusses six types of obligationes: positio, depositio, dubitatio, impositio, petitio, and sit verum, with a focus on positio. In this chapter I show how Ockham’s theory fits into the history of the development of obligationes, and then discuss, in depth, each of the six types. I highlight some of the distinctive, and in some cases puzzling, aspects of Ockham’s theory.

Question 1: When a 38-year-old prisoner was asked, ‘What is the colour of a lemon?’, he answered ‘blue’. What is the most appropriate diagnosis?

The introduction explains the book’s innovative contribution to the historiographies of human rights and German history. Whereas human rights scholarship largely sees post-1970s rights advocacy as a form of conservative humanitarianism, the book demonstrates that the triumph of market-friendly human rights in Cold War Germany was the product of contingency. Bitter political fights within the left, conservative left baiting, and the decline of revolutionary projects in the Global South enabled the market-friendly vision promoted by Christian Democrats to sideline the market-critical human rights vision of the left. The introduction also demonstrates that any account seeking to understand the development of the German left after 1968 must pay close attention to its internationalism.

This chapter complements Chapter 6’s investigation into recreational music-making, with an examination of amateur symphony orchestras – a significant nationwide phenomenon from the 1890s – which were predicated on having adequate numbers of string players. It begins by surveying organizational structures, showing that while orchestras initially operated as subscription clubs for men, they soon admitted women string players, some of whom were highly accomplished. Women’s presence often transformed standards, particularly where a conductor had experience of training strings. The chapter also examines one woman’s contributions to a regional amateur-orchestra circuit, as well as the popularity of all-women string orchestras. It then engages concepts of musical community, asking what amateur string players valued about their orchestral activities and highlighting the social cohesion and team spirit forged by playing alongside others with shared musical interests to prepare works for performances. It also argues that amateur orchestras produced thousands of string players whose knowledge of symphonic music led them to support orchestral concerts throughout their lives. (161)