The life history approach to individual differences has become a major influence in evolutionary psychology, not least thanks to the contributions made by Jay Belsky and his collaborators over the last three decades. Today the approach is at a turning point, with a lively dialectic between proponents and critics and a menu of theoretical and empirical challenges to address. In this chapter, I follow up on previous work and continue to critically examine the concepts and assumptions of the “fast-slow paradigm” in evolutionary psychology. Specifically, I try to clarify some aspects of the interplay between the demographic and psychological levels of analysis, make an updated case for the centrality of the mating–parenting tradeoff in the organization of life history-related traits, describe the constellations formed by those traits, introduce the notion of multiple fast/slow profiles, and (re)consider the role of puberty timing in relation to human life history strategies. Preserving the value of the life history approach demands that we work to keep the foundations healthy – constantly revising our concepts and assumptions, in the spirit of Jay’s remarkable scientific career.

This chapter acts as a clear guide to your theoretical understanding of CBT to enhance your knowledge across protocols, clinical populations and clinical presentations.

You will gain a working knowledge of the theoretical basis of Beck’s model CBT and how theories and models remain important for advancing clinical practice.

You will be able to more effectively apply CBT across protocols as you will have a better elaborated account of how this therapy has integrated elements across conditions and client presentations.

You will become knowledgeable about the theoretical mechanism of change in CBT

You will become more skilled in using theoretical principles of CBT to stay true to execution of treatment protocols.

Chapter 21 covers the topic of delirium and neurocognitive disorders. Through a case vignette with topical MCQs for consolidation of learning, readers are brought through the diagnosis and treatment of a patient with delirium and neurocognitive disorder. Topics covered include diagnosis, mild and major neurocognitive disorders, types of neurocognitive disorders, risk factors for Alzheimer’s disease, instruments used in evaluation, investigations, pharmacological and non-pharmacological management of neurocognitive disorders, adverse effects of medications, delirium and its diagnosis, pharmacological and non-pharmacological management of delirium, and beahvioural and psychological symptoms of dementia.

This chapter focuses on the role of women teachers and campesinas in the class struggle. Two mass organizations played a critical role in building a combative labor movement: the National Association of Salvadoran Educators and Union of Rural Workers. Women comprised 80 percent of members in the teachers’ association, while significant numbers of campesinas participated in the rural union. By 1975, teachers and peasants joined forces in a revolutionary coalition to overthrow the political and economic system that exploited the entire working class. Many teachers and rural workers joined guerrilla organizations, such as the Popular Liberation Forces, whose cadre helped build mass organizations. Participation in the class struggle led to changes on two fronts. First, it deepened women’s class consciousness and revealed the state’s brutality in crushing the most minimal reforms. Second, the struggle transformed how women saw themselves and their role in changing society. Women confronted sexist expectations that shamed them for working alongside men and prioritizing political participation over domestic work. Fifteen years prior to the outbreak of the revolutionary war in 1980, a multigenerational movement of women had broken with patriarchal tradition. That rupture was fundamental. It facilitated women’s political participation and their increasing militant action that elevated class struggle to unprecedented levels. This gendered history allows us to appreciate what it took to build and sustain the revolutionary mass struggles of the 1960s and 1970s.

The chapter will help you to be able to describe the development of Cognitive, Behavioural, and Integrative approaches to Couple’s Therapy, apply a range of dyadic formulation processes to couples, and apply the key interventions in couple’s therapy, including empathic joining, unified detachment and dyadic behavioural change processes

Jay Belsky’s Determinants of Parenting: A Process Model, published in 1984 in the journal Child Development, identified three sets of factors that account for individual differences in parenting practices, including parent personality traits, child characteristics, and the broader social context. I describe the model’s novelty and its legacy in terms of reshaping research on parenting and child development. The model was novel in shifting the focus in mainstream research on child development from the consequences of parenting – the domain of socialization researchers – to the precursors of parenting and in articulating a developmental model of parenting that emphasized the role of childhood experiences on adult parenting practices. I claim that the determinants of parenting process model reshaped the literature on parenting in at least four ways: by (1) focusing attention on parenting as an outcome of development, (2) focusing attention on fathers, (3) focusing attention on social contextual factors beyond the family, and (4) inspiring research on the biological determinants of parenting.

Chapter 47 covers the topic of gender dysphoria. Through a case vignette with topical MCQs for consolidation of learning, readers are brought through the management of patients with gender dysphoria from first presentation to subsequent complications of the conditions and its treatment. Topics covered include diagnosis, differentials, course, co-morbidities, management with hormonal treatment, sex-reassignment surgery.

David Freeman Engstrom (Stanford) and Daniel B. Rodriguez (Northwestern) argue that current structure of American legal services regulation, known as “Our Bar Federalism,” is outdated. Fifty states maintain their own rules and regulatory apparatus for a legal profession and industry that are now national and multinational. This fragmented system is a key factor in the American civil justice system’s access-to-justice crisis, where restrictive state rules support the lawyers’ monopoly. With new legal services delivery models and AI, this scheme will seem increasingly provincial and retrograde. This chapter argues it’s time to rethink "Our Bar Federalism," and explore hybrid state-federal regulatory system.

The epilogue explains West German engagement with Latin American politics from 1988 to 1992, restates the historiographical contributions of the book, and briefly examines the trajectory of market-friendly and market-critical human rights from the 1990s into the 2000s. Christian Democratic officials encouraged market-friendly democratization in Latin America by supporting the electoral ouster of the Sandinistas in 1990, and providing development aid packages to El Salvador despite continued abuses and rampant corruption. Alongside the collapse of state socialism in East Central Europe, democratization in Latin America helped enthrone market-friendly human rights into German reason of state. But the market-friendly conditionality principle instituted in 1991 has selectively targeted some states, such as Cuba, while ignoring abuses in countries important to German economic development. Market-critical human rights activism endured by establishing links with left-wing parties in Germany and with the transnational anti-globalization movement. But the propensity of some of its adherents to support authoritarian states makes it an easy target for market-friendly advocates. However, market-critical human rights can be a helpful corrective to an international human rights system that has largely eschewed criticism of inequality since the 1990s.

Ockham’s Summa Logicae treats what modern philosophers would consider philosophy of language and metaphysics, including semantics, Aristotle’s ten categories, and mental language. It is also deeply polemical, especially in Part I (the section covering the notion of a term); hence it is no surprise that his theory of terms supports and defends his parsimonious metaphysics against opponents. Ockham’s view of relational terms in SL is a great example of such a logical theory arising at the crossroads of such issues. Central for Ockham were (1) the ontological implications of relational terms, (2) the question of how they refer, (3) the proper interpretation of Aristotle on relations, and (4) the question of how propositions carrying relational terms should be evaluated by logicians and theologians. After explaining the background ontological controversies mentioned earlier, this chapter exposits Ockham’s main conclusions and most important arguments supporting his favored view of relations.

Brexit was a great revealer in many respects. In relation to Northern Ireland, it revealed the almost invisible role that joint EU membership had played in providing a scaffold for the peace process in the province and in resolving a postcolonial conflict with cross-border dimensions. In addition to EU political support and in facilitating good relations between Ireland and the UK, joint membership of the single market and customs union, along with the Common Travel Area between the two jurisdictions, reduced the practical and symbolic effect of the border between Ireland and Northern Ireland. It was thus the functional effects of single market law which provided the context within which a postcolonial conflict with cross-border dimensions could be managed. Brexit, particularly of the ‘hard’ variety, threatened to reintroduce this border, undermining a key element of the peace process. The Ireland/Northern Ireland Protocol or Windsor Framework is an imperfect substitute which results in an extremely complex legal landscape of multiple interacting sources of law: a form of legal pluralism or even legal entanglement.

Chapter 34 covers the topic of dependent personality disorder. Through a case vignette with topical MCQs for consolidation of learning, readers are brought through the management of a patient with dependent personality disorder from first presentation to its assessments and subsequent management. Things covered include the symptoms, diagnosis, differential diagnoses, management and relationship with folie à deux.

Question 1: Which of the following physical signs is suggestive of possible purging?

Question 1: Which part of the history is MOST concerning for post-partum depression?

In his chapter, Gregory Castle explores the cultural need for heroism expressed by W. B. Yeats and Alice Milligan at a time (the first decade of the twentieth century) when hope for the future was an explicit component of revivalist discourse across the arts and the political spectrum. Yeats’s In the Seven Woods (1903) offers a vision of legendary and contemporary heroism in which love and desire are transformed in a process in which the experience of beauty and its loss, as well as the representation of this experience, become heroic endeavors. In Milligan’s Hero Lays (1908), heroism does not rely on a transposition of love into the context of heroism. Rather, her vision is informed by political activism; her poems mine the ancient legends for a model of heroic action that would be suitable for the nationalist cause of her own time. For both poets, the heroic ethos of the legendary past is sustained as part of the contemporary poet’s bardic responsibility.