New field and laboratory methodologies increasingly allow scholars to collect direct data on pastoralism, including data on mobility, sociopolitical organization, and intensification/diversification of production. A discussion of each methodology – survey, excavation, zooarchaeology, archaeobotany, and geoarchaeology – assesses possibilities and limitations for an empirical and critical archaeology of pastoralism.

Building on the book’s assessment of the incentives of cities to protect the environment, the chapter outlines an agenda for cities to meet the challenges presented by climate change. The chapter starts by charting an agenda for cities to adapt to the impacts of planetary climate change, because cities have the greatest incentives and levers to address this aspect of the climate challenge. Then the chapter identifies plausible contributions that cities can make to societal decarbonization. The federal government has been, at best, an inconsistent partner in decarbonizing the economy. Climate regulation in major cities provides a means of ensuring that the societal decarbonization project continues to advance, regardless of who is in power federally. The chapter emphasizes the need for higher levels of government to better support municipal efforts to tackle climate change and suggests ways for lawmakers at higher levels of government, in particular the federal level, to do so if they are interested in environmental protection.

Chapter 49 covers the topic of kleptomania. Through a case vignette with topical MCQs for consolidation of learning, readers are brought through the management of patients with kleptomania from first presentation to subsequent complications of the conditions and its treatment. Topics covered include diagnosis, differentials, co-morbidities, management.

This chapter discusses Ockham’s views of the formation and character of syncategorematic terms and the roles these views play in his metaphysics and philosophy of language. Ockham claims that thoughts are sentences composed of categorematic and syncategorematic terms and spoken and written descriptions are subordinated to them. He maintains that everything in his ontology can be signified by a categorematic term while syncategorematic terms do not signify. For Ockham, categorematic terms can be thought of as effects of causal contacts made with things and some contemporary scholars, and some of Ockham’s contemporaries, extend this picture to syncategorematic terms as well. This chapter argues that Ockham rejects this extension, denies that distinct true sentences are made true by distinct beings, and embraces the conclusion that there are more truths than truth-makers with profound consequences for his metaphysics.

This chapter outlines the colonial history of the CFA franc, and how to transition to a new currency, the eco, in West Africa. The CFA franc currently circulates in fourteen African countries divided into two monetary zones in West and Central Africa and this chapter starts by explaining the role currently played by the European Union institutions and the French Treasury in the currency’s governance in West Africa. The chapter goes on to discuss the different positions within the debate about how to transition to the eco and ends by outlining the most appealing roadmap for currency reform and monetary sovereignty in the West African region.

Question 1: Paediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatry disorder associated with streptococcal infections (PANDAS) occurs between three years and the onset of puberty. Which of the following manifestations is commonly seen in PANDAS?

The external dimension of the EU migration policy relies to a large extent on its development policy to foster ‘mutually beneficial partnerships’ between the EU and non-EU states. While political conditionality remains a fundamental axis of the EU’s external relations, a curious ‘twist’ of events has led to the emergence of ‘migration-based’ conditionality, especially in the aftermath of the 2015–2016 ‘migration crisis’. Conditionality can be broadly defined as the EU’s leverage of different instruments to lead non-EU states to comply with certain norms. In the context of the EU development policy, conditionality traditionally relates to human rights, democracy, and good governance. In the context of migration, however, these norms are mostly connected with the readmission of nationals. While migration-based conditionality might appear as a deviation from a more ‘righteous’ form of conditionality, this contribution argues that this is incorrect. Through a critical review of the EU development policy going back to its colonial roots, this chapter intends to show that migration-based conditionality stems from political conditionality and not that it strays from it. In doing so, it seeks to highlight how migration-based conditionality reflects a hierarchical access to mobility still rooted in colonial racism.

Nabis, the tyrannos of the Lakedaimonians, killed Pelops the son of King Lykourgos, who was a child at the time.1 This was a matter of precaution, since the child, when he came of age, might restore the freedom of his country, using the assurance of his noble birth. He also selected the most accomplished Lakedaimonians and put them to death, and gathered mercenaries of the worst type from everywhere to guard his power. Thus temple robbers, thieves, brigands, and those sentenced to death came to Sparta from every place. He had made himself tyrannos through his impiety, and he believed that only by such people could he best be guarded.

In Tusculans 1 Cicero gives a lengthy rebuttal of the thesis that death is an evil. This raises a puzzle: how can such a one-sided presentation aspire to reveal whether it is more plausible that death is or is not an evil? Invoking the Tusculans’ practical aim – the removal of emotional disturbance – does not fully satisfy, since it is unclear how effective persuasion can be if the contrary position does not receive a fair hearing. I show that as main speaker in the book Cicero warns against over-confidence in embracing positions that one wishes to be true; and I argue that as author Cicero portrays the interlocutor of Tusculans 1 as a salutary example of how not to approach the kind of questions about death with which the work engages. We are encouraged to see the interlocutor’s failure as one not of character but of inexperience in philosophical method.

In chapter one, Brian Ó Conchubhair offers an examination of the metadiscourse “Revival” as a concept and the relation between revivalism and periodization. Narratives of revival too often repeat inaccurate narratives of Irish culture, to the point that our understanding of the Irish past, of Irish institutions and landscapes, suffers from unexamined conclusions about the Revival’s social and political efficacy and from images and tropes of Irishness that modern critics inherited from early revivalists. This is particularly apparent in the conception, promoted by some early revivalists, of the West of Ireland as a site of authentic Irishness. Indeed, in the Gaeltachtaí (Irish speaking regions), which have long been idealized as a stronghold of original or pure Irishness, a kind of zombification has taken place, one that in some ways displaces the long tradition of antiquarian and archaeological projects of cultural renewal and restoration.

Question 1: In a patient presenting with unilateral right lower limb weakness, which of the following physical findings suggest a functional weakness?