Chapter 3 reads two maritime fictions against the cartographic and photographic records of US War Department’s Bureau of Insular Affairs. I argue that the camera’s unpredictable mode of development heightened colonial anxieties about the assimilation of the Philippines into the United States. For a literary counterpoint to the Bureau’s colonizing project, I read back and forth between the island-hopping narratives of Ernest Hemingway and Ramon Muzones, a Hiligaynon language novelist from the Visayas. Their shipboard fictions set adrift the repressive and racializing logics of US military technics. But the novelists move in different directions. Disillusioned, the late Hemingway gets lost at sea, uninterested in a return to national homeland. Muzones complies a pre-Hispanic nautical map, a regional Visayan space within the newly independent Philippine republic.

Assessing the underlying assumptions of multiple models enables us to improve their fit. But it is a complicated process that is more art than science. The basic measure to assess the fit of models is residuals. Residuals are the difference between the observed and the estimated value. They can be thought of as the error in estimation. There are a number of possible transformations of the residuals for different multivariable procedures. For proportional hazards analysis it is important to test the proportionality assumption. This can be done using a log-minus-log survival plot, Schoenfeld’s residuals, division of time into discrete intervals, or time-dependent covariates.

Chapter 2 offers a case study centered on the island of Hachijō, where life with the current gave rise to unique economic practices and social organization. It centers on the seasonal rhythm of castaway arrivals and repatriation that, by the mid-eighteenth century, had become an important branch of the local economy. Numbers of castaways were significant because sailors used winds and the eastward current to propel their voyage, even though their crafts were unfit for offshore sailing. In the peak year of 1850 alone, 300 sailors arrived on twenty-seven vessels from western Japan. Historical arrivals of foreign castaways and flotsam have created a virtual geography and local identity that connected the remote island to India, whence the “river” Kuroshio was believed to flow, and China, whence the current was believed to have brought important cultural achievements.

An emulation (or target) trial uses observational data to simulate a trial. Because there is no actual randomization, multivariable methods need to adjust for differences between groups. However, emulation trials improve traditional observational studies by conducting all the same steps as a randomized trial with the exception of randomization. With an emulation trial, before conducting data analysis, specify research question eligibility criteria, determination of treatment groups, start of study and end of follow-up, outcome, and analysis plan. Active comparators can minimize indication bias. By setting eligibility, treatment assignment, and start of follow-up, emulation trials minimize immortal time bias.

Classification and regression trees (CART): a technique for separating subjects into distinct subgroups based on a dichotomous outcome. Its major advantage over multiple logistic regression—it more closely reflects how clinicians make decisions. Certain pieces of information take you down a particular diagnostic path for more information to prove/disprove you are on the right path. Most clinicians do not total up a weighted version of the information and make a decision.

This chapter explores the role of law in organizational interaction. In contrast with recent work on international institutional law that seeks to overcome functionalism and make legal sense of interaction, this chapter argues that interaction among international organizations is a legally constituted phenomenon, in two specific senses. First, law constitutes the space of the interaction (that is, the ‘organizational ecosystem’). Second, law provides the background norms for organizational autonomy and the vocabulary for the decoupling of the organization’s practice and its formal goals. Such a decoupling through institutional law allows international organizations to flexibly interact with each other and adapt to external pressures. Thus, in its dual role, international law provides the building blocks of interaction, playing a crucial role before the need to ‘regulate’ interaction even appears.

The equations of fluid dynamics and energy balance are arrived at from the starting point of the powerful Reynolds transport theorem. After writing down the four conservation laws – mass, energy, linear and angular momentum – their consequences when inserted into the transport equation are revealed, in particular Cauchy’s equations of motion, Navier–Stokes equations and the equation of energy balance. A number of prevalent examples are given, including Stokes’s formulae and the Darcy law. The chapter concludes with the theory of the boundary layer.

This chapter explores the trans-European and international crisis in the immediate post-First World War years, especially in terms of Anglo-French connections, but from the perspective of paradiplomatic negotiations, intellectual cooperation, and the reparative constructive aesthetics of peace. It shows how some of Bloomsbury’s lesser known figures and associates, many of whom in Paris and Versailles at the time of the 1919 treaty were deliberately thinking against the embittered punitive nationalisms of the era, and setting the tone of modernist and Anglo-French cultural exchange to come by engaging in reparative action, transborder experimentation, and intellectual collaboration. It underlines some of the transdisciplinary, interconnected, cross-Channel achievements of the immediate postwar years in terms of artistic praxis, narrative means, and designs for living. Revisiting the works and social achievements of some of the overshadowed mediators, diplomatic envoys, and cultural diplomats of the years 1919–26, it highlights Bloomsbury’s commitment to preemptive peacemaking both sides of the Channel.

In English, either the agent or the patient of an event can be topicalised. The active codes the first, unmarked option (A cat broke the vase), the second is achieved by the passive. This chapter discusses the complex history of the second option. While in Old English, passives were primarily adjectival. From Middle English onward, they became increasingly verbal, coding the outcome of a transitive event, and were used as a viewpoint construction, or to structure the discourse. Word order was also changing, restricting initial position more and more to an ever more versatile subject. The passive, catering for this versatile subject position, expanded to cross-linguistically uncommon forms such as the prepositional and recipient passives, and so did the novel mediopassive. The expansion saw its completion with the progressive passive in the eighteenth century. Special attention is devoted to the interconnectedness of these different passives, and their changing relations.

The chapter explores contrasting approaches to population policy and family planning in Yugoslavia, the Republic of Ireland, the United States, and India, focusing on the period from the 1950s to the 1980s. It discusses how Yugoslavia shifted toward supporting global population control policies in stark contrast to other Communist countries, while Ireland, a predominantly Catholic country, maintained strict anti-contraception laws. The United States evolved from reluctance to active involvement in global birth control programs to widespread financial support, and India transitioned to coercive sterilization policies during the state of emergency that was declared by Indira Gandhi in the mid-1970s. The chapter argues that UN resolutions around family planning and human rights played a key role for these policies despite the fact that these resolutions were not binding. How the resolutions were interpreted depended strongly on regional and local power configurations. The relationship among human rights frameworks, political decisions, and societal attitudes shaped the divergent paths taken by these countries in addressing demographic and family planning issues.

Following Russia’s annexation of Crimea in 2014, the recent conflicts in Ukraine and the Middle East signal the return of geopolitics. This book challenges conventional approaches that ignore border change, arguing that geopolitics is driven by nationalism and focusing on how nationalism transforms the state. Using geocoded historical maps covering state borders and ethnic groups in Europe, the authors’ spatial approach shows how, since the French Revolution, nationalism has caused increasing congruence between state and national borders and how a lack of congruence increased the risk of armed conflict. This macro process is traced from early modern Europe and widens the geographic scope to the entire world in the mid twentieth century. The analysis shows that the risk of conflict may be increased by how nationalists, seeking to revive past golden ages and restore their nations’ prestige, respond to incongruent borders. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.

Later performances of the Nonet led to great critical acclaim for Farrenc, and the relationships that it fostered led her to write more music for wind instruments (a sextet for piano and wind, a flute trio, and a clarinet trio). She won a newly founded prize (the Prix Chartier) for chamber music composers twice in the 1860s. The success of the Nonet in later performances led critics to call for more performances of her symphonies by Paris’s major orchestras, but these seem not to have materialized. Farrenc’s legacy after her death was as one of France’s best composers of instrumental music. Although her works were rarely performed after the 1870s, she was consistently named among lists of women composers in Western history when writers began to pen feminist critiques of concert music culture – these began during her lifetime, as early as the 1850s, and emerged intermittently during the 1880s and up to the present day. Recordings of Farrenc’s music began to bring her to wider attention in the 1970s, and with reviews of these and of the increasingly common public concerts of her chamber music and symphonies, Louise Farrenc has entered the canon of historical women composers.

Publicly funded international organizations have traditionally been cautious in engaging with the private sector. This contribution will study the different types of relationships of Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance – as a quasi-international organization – with the private sector. As illustrated, they are multi-faceted and relatively advanced. It will assess how the different types of interactions with the private sector have evolved over time and operate in practice. The contribution will also touch on how intergovernmental organizations that are members of the Alliance engage with the private sector as part of Gavi-funded activities. Some of those are complementary while for others intergovernmental organizations and private sector entities can be considered as alternatives.

Multivariable analysis is needed because most events, whether medical, politica, social, or personal, have multiple causes. And these causes are related to one another. Multivariable analysis enables us to determine the relative contributions of different causes to a single event or outcome.

Multivariable analysis enables us to identify and adjust for confounders. Confounders are associated with the risk factor and causally related to the outcome. Adjustment for confounders is key to distinguishing important etiologic risk factors from variables that only appear to be associated with outcomes due to their association with the true risk factor.

Stratification can also be used for identifying independent relationships between risk factors and outcomes but becomes too cumbersome when there are more than one or two possible confounders.