Examines effects of comprehension, conflict, social status, loneliness, complexity, assertiveness, control, introversion–extroversion, competence, goals, working memory capacity, and first impressions on conversation memory.

Chapter 1 observes that the Japanese archipelago has been represented unduly as an “islanded” entity, due to the prevalence of exceptionalist concepts such as national seclusion or sakoku. It presents Japan as a terraqueous economy by outlining the history of marine nutrients from fishing grounds along the Kuroshio and Oyashio currents, which remained prominent factors in the expansion of agrarian production until the twentieth century. It suggests different possibilities to embed the archipelago’s early modern and modern histories conceptually in its hydrological environments: Teleconnections such as the East Asian Monsoon offer historiographical challenges to Eurocentric models like the “East Asian Mediterranean.” Likewise, maritime currents are agents in the making and remaking of Japan’s terraqueous economy. Their seasonal rhythms create specific environments of risk in which the archipelago’s marine resource and shipping industries developed their business practices. The Kuroshio offers special possibilities, because it represents both a modern scientific concept and an early modern source term – its study can therefore build on intellectual and vernacular virtual geographies.

Although international organizations have always made some revenue in selling publications and organizing events, their activity in selling goods and services has increased significantly during the past few decades. From charging fees for the use of online platforms to selling visa services to governments, and from providing passenger and cargo transport to collecting aviation route charges on behalf of members states, international organizations now sell a wide variety of goods and services to private actors, states and other organizations. In other words, international organizations increasingly act in the market in ways resembling private actors, in addition to adopting business-like practices and mindsets in other ways, oftentimes raising difficult legal questions about their constitutional competence, immunity and responsibility. This article maps the market activities of international organizations, analyses the reasons behind their increasing importance and asks how they fit within the law of international organizations. In so doing, the article also challenges traditional, member state-centric perspectives to international organizations.

This chapter examines the distinctive hardheadedness of the Bloomsbury group’s famous devotion to the life of the mind. While Bloomsbury is virtually synonymous with the prizing of aesthetic appreciation, emotional intensity, and intellectual reflection, many of the group’s members were equally concerned with the inextricability of such rarefied states from very material sources of maintenance, support, and security. The chapter foregrounds the inseparable connection between economics and aesthetics in the thought and practice of the Bloomsbury group, identifying a concern with this connection as one of the key preoccupations stemming from the influence of G. E. Moore’s philosophy, and tracing its significance in a range of economic, artistic and literary works.

Chapter 10 explores three competing visions of American national religious identity: Christian nationalism, strict secularism, and pluralist civil religion. After identifying problems with Christian nationalism and strict secularism, the chapter argues that an inclusive, dynamic, and pluralist civil religion offers the best way forward for continuing the American experiment.

Although the United States was established with a distinctly Christian framework, over time the religious landscape has changed. American civil religion has adapted to make room for growing religious pluralism and the rise of secularism.

Amid economic crises, rising totalitarianisms, and escalating technological warfare of the 1930s and 1940s, Bloomsbury’s thinkers and artists entered a new phase. They had never thought alike, nor considered themselves a “group,” but, beyond their colorful private sociability, these public-spirited “civilized individuals” carried the banner of their liberal intellectual formation – their critical hope and utopian idealism – into collective arenas. Drawing upon the late art, thought, letters, and conversation of Sigmund Freud, John Maynard Keynes, E. M. Forster, T. S. Eliot, Virginia Woolf, Leonard Woolf, and Vita Sackville-West, this chapter explores late Bloomsbury’s dialectic of enlightenment, as darkening skies tested the hope that European civilization, smashed by the Great War, might be rebuilt on firmer and more lasting ground. As domestic and international crises bore a shrinking world toward an unknowable future, Bloomsbury’s civilized individualism – which, Raymond Williams thought, offered no vision of a whole society – springs into high relief against the existential threat of totalitarian systems on right and left that emerged from radically different national histories. In late Bloomsbury, we glimpse the threats of authoritarianism, racialized imperialism, genocidal violence, all-consuming capitalism, and earth-ravaging technological modernity.

This chapter evaluates the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) Sports for Climate Action Initiative (S4CA), a prominent example of public–private collaboration in addressing climate change within the sports sector. It examines the efforts of the International Olympic Committee (IOC). It compares them with the commitments of professional leagues such as England’s Premier League (EPL), Deutsche Fußball Liga (DFL) and the National Basketball Association (NBA). The chapter demonstrates how international organizations leverage direct and indirect interactions with private entities to achieve treaty goals through these examples. It highlights the role of ’pioneer organizations’ in driving significant change within the sports sector. The analysis covers the theoretical background of public–private regulatory interactions, describes the S4CA framework, and illustrates its application by sports entities, showcasing complex regulatory interactions within international legal frameworks.

This chapter makes the case that Bloomsbury acted, crucially, as both the receptacle and the conduit for emerging ideas of psychoanalysis in Britain in the 1910s and beyond, with Bloomsbury functioning as a major vehicle for assimilating, disseminating, publishing, and translating emerging psychoanalytic ideas about feeling, emotion, and the unconscious to and for early twentieth-century British literature and culture. Bloomsbury figures read, reviewed, and translated Freud, trained as psychoanalysts, and held psychoanalytical gatherings, while Leonard and Virginia Woolf’s Hogarth Press was the first to publish Freud’s work in English. Psychoanalytic texts would become central to the Hogarth Press’ lists, with the Press publishing texts including Freud’s Collected Papers and The International Psycho-Analytical Library, and books or lectures by early interpreters and practitioners of psychoanalysis and psychology, including Ernest Jones, Sándor Ferenczi, Melanie Klein, René Laforgue, Charles Mauron, and Anna Freud. Further, this chapter argues that in a parallel and equally stunning act of “translation” from continental European thought into British culture, Bloomsbury also brought Post-Impressionist art to the English-speaking world during roughly the same period, with Roger Fry using language inflected by emerging psychoanalysis about “emotion” and “feeling” to describe both the production and the readerly reception of Post-Impressionist works of art.

This chapter draws on the original cross-national dataset of counterrevolutions to examine global patterns and historical trends in counterrevolutionary emergence and success. It begins with a series of statistical analyses that support core elements of the theory. Counterrevolutions are much less likely to topple radical-violent revolutions than moderate-unarmed ones – a finding that holds across two different measures of these types. Subsequent analyses shed light on the mechanisms behind this relationship: loyal armies and powerful foreign sponsors are key to defeating counterrevolution, whereas robust parties matter less. Next, the chapter shows that counterrevolutions are most likely to emerge following revolutions with medium levels of violence, which leave the old regime with both the capacity and interest to launch a challenge. Further, there is little support for four alternative explanations, particularly when it comes to counterrevolutionary success. Next, the chapter evaluates how key events during the post-revolutionary transition (like land reforms and elections) affect the likelihood of counterrevolution. It concludes with an exploration of the decline in counterrevolution since 1900 (followed by an uptick in the last decade), which it traces to a combination of the changing nature of revolution and shifts in the distribution of global power.

This chapter surveys the field of recent grammatical change in English. We focus on the period since 1900 but also discuss how certain recent changes relate to longer-term trends. Many of our examples involve the verb phrase or verbal complementation, but changes in other areas such as the noun phrase are also noted. We address methodological issues that arise in researching recent change, considering the various kinds of corpora available and the complexities involved in tracking grammatical change over time. We then discuss how patterns of change vary between spoken and written language and across different genres. Finally, we consider a range of possible explanations or motivations for change, including grammaticalisation, economy and social influences.

The term ‘social work’ was first coined by the American economist Simon Patten in 1900. He envisaged a new profession that would address the social problems of the modern world. These problems are neither timeless nor innate to human nature, but come into being at particular points in history as a result of people’s actions and the way they organise power in society. Looking at these issues historically enables us to see the way social problems (such as extreme inequality and poverty, mass urbanisation, industrial pollution, racism, sexism and different forms of violence) have been constructed and varied over time. More importantly, this lens may provide us with clues as to how people might un-make these problems and do something better. This historical perspective is vital for practice today because it locates critical social work as part of much wider and ongoing struggles for social justice and human rights.

As defined in Chapter 1, geomorphology is the study of landforms – plain and simple. Whether they are formed on bedrock or on loose sediment, by erosion or deposition of sediment, and whatever their age, landforms are the building blocks of Earth’s physical landscapes. In essence, landscapes are organized and interconnected assemblages of landforms. These interconnections may be temporal, genetic, or spatial. With regard to temporal connections, some landforms on a landscape may have all formed at roughly the same time. They may share a similar origin (genetic connections). On many landscapes, however, the landforms may have formed at different times and in different ways.