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Why were sixteenth-century Europeans willing to risk their lives to attack 'mere matter' - images, lamps, altars, vestments? The most influential medieval liturgical commentary, William Durand's Rationale divinorum officiorum, offers an answer. Reading Durand to excavate the meaning of churches, altars, vestments, this book reveals the stunning scope of Reformation reconceptualization of worship, time, and matter. For Durand, liturgy was an ongoing praxis in which Scripture and Creation were in constant dialogue, leading to an ever-richer understanding of divine revelation. In attacking the made world - what human beings had fashioned from prime matter - Protestants sundered Creation from the liturgy and fundamentally changed how liturgy was understood, and what both Protestants and Catholics held the relationship between divine revelation and matter to be. Altars and vestments became 'objects' to which human beings gave meaning. As the sixteenth century redefined liturgy as a verbal practice, time, matter, and worship were realigned.
When George H. W. Bush ascended to the American presidency in 1989, one of the more urgent relationships that he was faced with building was that with Israel's Yitzhak Shamir. Drawing on newly declassified materials, from American and Israeli state and non-state archives, this book reveals the complexities of a relationship defined by both deep cooperation and sharp tensions. From the peace process to loan guarantees, from military aid to emotional diplomacy, The Strained Alliance uncovers the debates, conflicts, and strategic decisions that shaped this critical period between 1989–1992. In doing so, David Tal challenges the traditional perception that US-Israel relations were dominated by policy disagreements, highlighting instead the broader foundation of collaboration that endured behind the scenes. Tal provides fresh insights into the intricate dynamics of diplomacy, ideology, and leadership, offering a balanced perspective on one of the most pivotal chapters in US-Israel history.
What is the problem that solidarity is invoked as a solution to? How are solidarity schemes narrated? Which particular interests are pursued in its name? In this book, leading authorities in law, philosophy and political sciences respond to the solidarity question, drawing on debates on international law, international aid, collective security, joint action, market organization and neoliberalism, international human rights across the North/South divide, African mobility, transnational labour in the digital age and populism. This volume captures the shifting nature of long held historical assumptions on solidarity. Its twelve chapters open up for differentiated understandings of solidarity in law and politics beyond discursive cliché or ideological appropriation, bringing crises of the past into conversation with the crises of today. This book is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Pauline scholars have misconstrued key features of Paul's portrayal of love by arguing that Paul idealises self-sacrifice and 'altruism'. In antiquity, ideal loving behaviour was intended to construct a relationship of shared selves with shared interests; by contrast, modern ethics has rejected this notion of love and selfhood. In this study, Logan Williams explores Paul's Christology and ethics beyond the egoism-altruism dichotomy. He provides a fresh evaluation of self-giving language in Greek literature and shows that 'gave himself' is not a fixed phrase for self-sacrifice. In Galatians, for example, self-giving languages depict Jesus' love as an act of self-gifting. By re-evaluating the apostle's description of Christ's loving action, Williams demonstrates that Paul portrays Jesus' loving action as his positive participation in the condition of others. He also interrogates the ethics in Galatians and shows that Paul's love-ethics encourage the Galatians not to sacrifice themselves for others but to share themselves with others.
Storytelling is a powerful tool for understanding. This casebook presents seventy dilemma-based narrative cases, providing language teachers with a thorough overview of key topics in language education. The cases cover a broad range of language teaching and learning concerns relevant to the development of pre- and in-service language teachers. They include narratives of language teachers, learners, teacher educators, researchers, administrators, and other professionals working in a variety of educational settings, such as schools, universities, private language institutions, and informal contexts, and in multilingual contexts around the world. Cases illustrate theoretical principles and concepts current in the field, in the form of moral or practical dilemmas that require resolving by readers. Case components include discussion questions, related research topics with suggested methods for carrying out research, and reading resources. A facilitator guide provides suggestions for conducting classroom and online discussions, creating case-based assignments for assessment, and mentoring teacher research.
The adoption of the EU Takeover Directive in 2004 was marked by significant challenges, with negotiations spanning over a decade. This book provides comprehensive analysis, practical insights, and forward-looking policy recommendations. It discusses contentious issues such as the mandatory bid rule, acting in concert, and take-over defences. It also looks at developments such as sustainability in takeovers, multiple voting rights, or new ways to structure ownership changes. It offers a clear and engaging understanding of the TOD's historical evolution, its transposition, the current institutional design of takeover authorities, conflict of law issues, and the enforcement of takeover law across the EU. And it looks at its practical impact as well as its future developments. With contributions from leading experts, international comparisons, and case studies, it is an authoritative guide to the takeover law in Europe and beyond.
By the late 19th century, China had degenerated into one of the world's poorest economies. Despite generations of effort for national rejuvenation, China did not reverse its fate until the market-oriented reform. Since then, China has become the most dynamic economy in the world and is likely to regain its position as the world's largest economy before 2030. Demystifying the Chinese Economy, provides insightful answers to why China was so advanced in premodern times and what caused it to become so poor for almost two centuries. It explains how China maintained stability and grew rapidly in its transition to an open, market economy. Featuring three new chapters (and five new appendices) on challenges facing China's economic development and structural reform, this new edition covers topical issues such as the origins of US-Sino trade frictions, the impact of Donald Trump's presidency, and the development of the 'Belt and Road' initiative.
The Cambridge History of Australian Poetry offers an authoritative and comprehensive engagement with poetries that range from some of the world's oldest to significant innovations of the twenty-first century. Bringing together insights from First Nations experts, internationally renowned scholars, distinguished practitioners, and future critical leaders, this volume analyses the role of poetry in the multiple cultural imaginaries of Australia within local, regional, and global contexts. Chapters consider the role of poetry as both shaping and critiquing settler-colonial, national, and identity formations; Aboriginal writing, song, and cultural leadership; children's poetry; the poetry of war and conflict; engagement with print, film, and the digital; major aesthetic movements; geographies of the city, region, Asia, the South, and Antarctica; diasporic movements; and environmentalism. The volume includes analyses of the archive, ballads and folk poetry, performance poetries, conceptual and concrete poetries, canon formation and diversification, and current perspectives on major authors.
During armed conflict, non-State armed groups frequently establish their own judicial systems to resolve disputes, impose penal sanctions and implement social control. Examples such Hamas in Gaza, Rojava in Syria, or the 'People's Republics' in Eastern Ukraine demonstrate that this aspect of 'rebel governance' has become increasingly common. How can or should international law regulate the establishment of courts, conduct of trials and passing of penal sanctions by insurgent movements that challenge the judicial monopoly of states? Based on an in-depth doctrinal analysis, this study demonstrates that the administration of criminal justice by insurgents is not inherently illegal or illegitimate, and explains how to measure the conduct of armed groups against clear legal standards. Drawing on a broad range of real-world examples, this study makes a vital contribution to the law applicable in armed conflict.
Why do adversaries sometimes cooperate to restrain their military competition? Why do they design arms control agreements with intrusive verification in some cases but rely on minimal transparency in others? Amidst ongoing international competition, arms control remains rare despite potential mutual benefits, and agreements vary dramatically in their approaches to monitoring. This book reveals how uncertainty from domestic political changes-such as leadership transitions or social unrest- can enable arms control. It identifies two paths to agreement: during periods of uncertainty, states that previously relied on informal understandings hedge by establishing lightly-monitored agreements, while those that anticipated deception take calculated risks through agreements with intensive verification. Through comprehensive data analysis and rich case studies, Jane Vaynman challenges conventional wisdom about uncertainty in international relations while offering insights for policymakers. As states confront challenges from nuclear competition to emerging technologies, understanding when arms control becomes viable is more vital than ever.
The privatization of state-owned enterprises (SOEs) is more accurately described as a process of legalization rather than liberalization, given that the state often continues to regulate private enterprises even after privatization. This process requires clearly defining the boundaries between public power and private property, which entails significant social costs. The continued prevalence of SOEs in China is largely due to the difficulty of defining these boundaries, especially in sectors where safeguarding private property clashes with state priorities. Such sectors include water utilities, coal mining, commercial banking, and infrastructure, where competing state goals complicate the full privatization of the market. Therefore, it is essential to be cautious against the legal centrist view' that assumes law is inherently superior to state ownership. Privatizing SOEs is not merely the transfer of equity-it demands the establishment of advanced legal and regulatory frameworks, making it a complex and gradual endeavor.
Is God a necessary being? Infinite yet simple? Creator of a world that seems equally able to explain itself? In this volume, prize-winning philosopher Lenn Goodman probes key religious questions against the backdrop of sacred texts and philosophical classics. In dialogue with a range of philosophers from Plato and Aristotle to Philo, Maimonides, Spinoza, Hume, and Kant, he examines the relationship between truth and the idea of God. Exploring the nexus between theism and logic, he probes ontological and design arguments, the anthropic principle, the problem of evil, the nature of justice and fairness, and the purpose and meaning of art. Goodman provocatively asks what science would look like if scientists allowed themselves to voice religious responses to their discoveries, as Einstein did. Finally, he probes the insights and examples of the morally virtuous, such as Moses, Albert Schweitzer, and Mahatma Gandhi.
The use of tests and assessments in employment-related decision making has the potential to benefit organizations and individuals. However, their use is frequently criticized because of their adverse potential for bias and unfairness. Although issues pertaining to employment testing, bias, and unfairness are extensively researched and written about, previous work has predominately focused on perspectives from the United States. Therefore, the goal of this handbook is to provide a global examination of ideas and issues pertaining to bias and unfairness in employment testing. Specifically, this text details perspectives from twenty-three countries spanning six regions of the globe, on the definition, assessment, and reduction of bias and unfairness in employment testing. In doing so, this work fills a critical gap in the knowledge and information available to employment testing scholars and practitioners who conduct research and practice in an increasingly globalized world.
The impact of climate change on young people and future generations has become a key issue globally, and current international law-making processes insufficiently represent the interests of these groups. While ideally the interests of future generations would be mainstreamed, the authors argue that proxy-style mechanisms for representing future generations should urgently be pursued as a parallel strategy. This book analyses existing institutions in the UN which indirectly represent vulnerable groups and uses a novel combination of legal and philosophical methods based in the tradition of John Dewey's pragmatism and International Legal Realism. Chapters include case studies of climate change cases brought before international courts, tribunals and the UN envoy to demonstrate how representation of future generations can be implemented to bring about institutional reforms. Written in accessible language, it will make a useful reference for researchers, graduate students and policymakers in international environmental law, global environmental governance and environmental philosophy.
Why did the nonviolent Meerut mutiny of 1857 in India explode into a violent military revolt which quickly spread into a subcontinental war that threatened to destroy the British Empire from within? Breaking new ground on the events of 10th May, William Pinch re-examines the evidence, shifting our focus toward the identity of female participants and their actions in the hours before the revolt began. Drawing upon a wide range of sources, including Hindi folksongs, military records, police reports, literary fiction, and Urdu memoir, he creates snapshots from the perspective of key figures to uncover the social and emotional world of the military 'cantonment' and its rural hinterland. By foregrounding the lives of ordinary 'military women' and 'their men'-the Indian sepoys who peopled the revolt-Pinch challenges conventional narratives and guides readers through the literary and historiographical echoes of the fateful decision to take up arms against the British.
This book introduces readers to the field of dyadic health science, offering a theoretical understanding of how two people experience and navigate health and illness together. It provides a detailed overview of how the field has evolved over time, exploring its links to relationship science, psychology, nursing and health-related fields, family science, social work, gerontology, and the science of behaviour change. Chapters examine established and emerging theories, methods, and interventions in dyadic health science, providing numerous state-of-the-art examples of best practices in the field. Combining the expertise of the three authors with insights from 22 scholars, the volume evaluates the current challenges and future directions in the field. By making the theory and methods of dyadic health science accessible, this book provides guidance on building research skills for both seasoned professionals and early-career researchers alike.
Accessible and engaging, The Politics of Human Rights offers a fresh, empirical approach to understanding human dignity and the global responsibility to protect it. Unlike traditional texts, this textbook moves beyond theory, using data-driven insights to explore why human rights violations occur and how they can be prevented. It emphasizes shared responsibility across borders to uphold human rights. Designed for students and educators, this fully updated edition enhances learning with discussion questions, recommended readings, and a unique collection of films, podcasts, and websites that bring human rights issues to life. It provides a well-rounded perspective, grounded in latest social scientific research, for anyone interested in human rights. Whether used for introductory courses or interdisciplinary studies, this book equips readers with the knowledge and tools to critically engage with human rights issues, making it an essential resource for understanding and advocating for human dignity in the twenty-first century.
The reign of Constantine, Roman emperor from 306 to 337, was one of the most important periods in world history. Although literary texts often represented him as the first Christian emperor, the inscriptions engraved on monuments, statue bases, and milestones offer alternative perspectives. Inscriptions highlight the influence of the other emperors, the prominence of senators at Rome, the civic traditions for praising benefactors in provincial cities, the logistics of the economy, and the abiding importance of traditional cults. This book includes the Greek and Latin texts of over 800 inscriptions from the early fourth century, with translations and critical annotations. An extended Introduction and almost 200 short essays provide context by explaining the issues and problems, correlating the literary texts, and comparing the legends and images of coins. Without the emperor as the constant focus, the Age of Constantine becomes all the more fascinating.
Veiling meant many things to the ancients. On women, veils could signify virtue, beauty, piety, self-control, and status. On men, covering the head could signify piety or an emotion such as grief. Late Roman mosaics show people covering their hands with veils when receiving or giving something precious. They covered their altars, doorways, shrines, and temples; and many covered their heads when sacrificing to their gods. Early Christian intellectuals such as Origen and Gregory of Nyssa used these everyday practices of veiling to interpret sacred texts. These writers understood the divine as veiled, and the notion of a veiled spiritual truth informed their interpretation of the bible. Veiling in the Late Antique World provides the first assessment of textual and material evidence for veiling in the late antique Mediterranean world. Susannah Drake here explores the relation between the social history of the veil and the intellectual history of the concept of truth as veiled/revealed.