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This book retraces the emergence of conceptions of authorship in late-eighteenth-century Germany by studying the material form of Immanuel Kant's 1785 essay, 'On the Wrongfulness of Reprinting'. Drawing upon book history, media theory, and literary studies, Benjamin Goh analyses the essay's paratexts as indices of literary production in the German Enlightenment. Far from being an idealist proponent of intellectual property, Kant is shown to be a media theorist and practitioner, whose critical negotiation with the evolving print machinery in his time helps illuminate our present struggle with digital technology and the mounting pressures borne by copyright as a proprietary institution. Through its novel perspective on established debates surrounding authorship, this book critiques the proprietary conception of authorship in copyright law, and proposes an ethical alternative that responds to the production, circulation, and reading of literature. This title is also available as open access on Cambridge Core.
On the northern periphery of Nairobi, in southern Kiambu County, the city's expansion into a landscape of poor smallholders is bringing new opportunities, dilemmas, and conflicts. Drawing on extensive ethnographic fieldwork, Peter Lockwood examines how Kiambu's 'workers with patches of land' struggle to sustain their households as the skyrocketing price of land ratchets up gendered and generational tensions within families. The sale of ancestral land by senior men turns would-be inheritors, their young adult sons, into landless and land-poor paupers, heightening their exposure to economic precarity. Peasants to Paupers illuminates how these dynamics are lived at the site of kinship, how moral principles of patrilineal obligation and land retention fail in the face of market opportunity. Caught between joblessness, land poverty and the breakdown of kinship, the book shows how Kiambu's young men struggle to sustain hopes for middle-class lifestyles as the economic ground shifts beneath their feet.This title is also available as open access on Cambridge Core.
While nations, societies, and individuals have always been engaged with both the tangible and intangible aspects of cultural objects, such as archaeological artifacts, artworks, and historical documents, the twenty-first century is seeing a significant shift in the law, ethics, and public policy that have long characterized this field. This book offers a comprehensive analysis of recent developments concerning cultural property. It identifies the underlying forces that drive these changes, focusing on the new political balance between source countries and market countries, the strengthening of cross-border lawmaking and law enforcement, the growing impact of provenance research and due diligence as legal, professional, and ethical norms, and the transformative role of digital databases. The book sets out normative principles for designing a better synergy of the hard law and soft law mechanisms that govern cultural property policy and markets. It proposes a property theory of ownership and custody of cultural objects and outlines a model of 'new cultural internationalism' to promote cross-border collaboration on cultural heritage, including new restitution frameworks.
Secure property rights are widely considered to be an essential prerequisite for sustained economic development; in Britain it is debated whether they have been secure since the medieval period or only established in the mid-seventeenth century. Within this context, Sean Bottomley examines wardship - the Crown's prerogative right(s) to appropriate landed estates which had descended to a legal minor until they attained their majority, to take custody of the child and, where they were unmarried, to decide their marriage partner. Bottomley demonstrates that this constituted a significant yet grossly inefficient and corrupted source of crown revenue, one that inflicted tangible economic penalties. It was also indicative of the decaying capacity of the early Stuart state and Bottomley concludes that without the constitutional changes of the mid to late seventeenth-century, Britain would not have industrialised in the eighteenth-century.
Political violence, which the ancient Greeks called stasis, was a fundamental aspect of Greek society. In this book, Scott Arcenas reshapes our understanding of this important phenomenon. He argues that it differed fundamentally from its analogues in both ancient and modern societies and that in most poleis it occurred with high frequency but very low levels of violence. Stasis therefore promoted economic growth, institutional innovation, and cultural creativity in a variety of important and surprising ways. In order to undertake this study, Dr Arcenas introduces new methods and tools to confront some of the greatest methodological challenges that face scholars of the ancient world: evidentiary scarcity, evidentiary bias, epistemic uncertainty, and lack of clarity regarding the explanatory value of our sources' silence. The book is therefore required reading for a wide range of scholars and students of ancient history.
South Africa presents the perplexing paradox of arguably having the most progressive Constitution in the world, marked by full-throated socio-economic rights protection, while also being one of the most unequal countries in the world. This book takes seriously increasing sociopolitical challenges to the legitimacy of South Africa's post-apartheid legal order and scorching critiques of the constitutional settlement, against which many in the legal establishment bristle. Sindiso Mnisi develops 'Alter-Native Constitutionalism,' which is distinguished by equitable amalgamation of customary and common law with vernacular (or 'living') law, as a more compelling and just model for South Africa to adopt in its future than the legal pluralism that largely represents the afterlives of colonialism. This book draws on and contributes to international debates about the role of law in decolonising post-colonial orders and economic redistribution, addressing issues of poverty and inequality, gender, race, indigeneity, and customary vs vernacular law.
Realism has been disparaged for over a hundred years as an outmoded form, and, more recently, as a pernicious illusion, typical of nineteenth-century novels and Hollywood movies alike. After a long period of disrepute, realism has had in recent years something of a revival among critics and theorists. Yet this revival still represents a minority, and much of the old critique of realism remains taken for granted. This book treats realism as a persistent aspect of narrative in American culture, especially after World War II. It does not seek to elevate realism above other forms of fictional narrative – that is, to restore it to some real or imagined past supremacy. Rather, the goal is to reclaim realism as a narrative practice that has remained vital despite a long history of critical disapproval, by showing how it functions in significant recent works across media.
Clinical ethics consultants navigate some of the most challenging cases in patient care, public health, and healthcare policy. The second volume richly details haunting cases pertaining to perinatal, paediatric, and end-of life issues; neurodiversity; disability; and employment of high-tech devices. Authors explain distinctive features of consultations in rural and pandemic contexts and complicated transitions into and out of inpatient care. Cases are grouped together by theme and organized uniformly. Each chapter includes a case presentation, the authors' professional reflections, description of haunting aspects, case outcome, and questions for discussion. Organizational ethics factors into many of the cases. The authors honestly describe the affective aspects of their work, including lingering regrets, doubts, and moral distress. They pay special attention to justice, equity and inclusivity. It is a fascinating and important read for clinicians and bioethicists engaged in clinical ethics consultations as well as ethics committee members and students.
This book shows how major literary works from the 18th century to the present not only reflect but also shape the thoughts and anxieties of people struggling to navigate crises brought about by animal diseases and their accompanying containment strategies. These literary responses to animal illness remind us that audiences not only within but also far beyond veterinary, agricultural, and political spheres have (and have aways had) a stake in these discussions. Like the virus that caused COVID-19, animal disease outbreaks have touched all our lives, and learning to recognize older manifestations of this contact in our language and our literatures enriches our understanding of who we are, how we have come to be, and how we want to proceed in our entangled, multi-species environments.
Early modern English people were obsessed with making babies. In this fascinating new history, Leah Astbury traces this preoccupation through manuscript letters, diaries, recipe books and almanacs, revealing its centrality to family life. Information was plentiful in guides on the burgeoning fields of domestic conduct and midwifery, as well as in the many satirical ballads focused on sex, marriage and family. Astbury utilises this broad source base to explore all aspects of early modern childbearing, from conception to the months after delivery. She demonstrates that, while religious and cultural ideals dictated that women carry out all of this work, men were engaged in its practice through directing medical decisions. With the entire household including servants, wetnurses and other unexpected actors included in the project, childbearing can be situated within the histories of gender, medicine, social status, family and record-keeping. This title is also available as open access on Cambridge Core.
The core topics at the intersection of human-computer interaction (HCI) and US law -- privacy, accessibility, telecommunications, intellectual property, artificial intelligence (AI), dark patterns, human subjects research, and voting -- can be hard to understand without a deep foundation in both law and computing. Every member of the author team of this unique book brings expertise in both law and HCI to provide an in-depth yet understandable treatment of each topic area for professionals, researchers, and graduate students in computing and/or law. Two introductory chapters explaining the core concepts of HCI (for readers with a legal background) and U.S. law (for readers with an HCI background) are followed by in-depth discussions of each topic.
What makes Arabic literature, Arabic? Casting critical new light on area-based approaches, this comparative study tracks the diverse literary practices in Arabic and French that, during and after decolonization, writers on both sides of North Africa and the Middle East used to found a transregional literary system. Influenced by anti-colonial Arab nationalism, they mapped this literary system's imaginative and circulational scale according to the experience that they believed decolonial literature must represent and amplify: a shared political experience they called “Arab.” As it develops the first account of transregional scale between Morocco and Iraq, and between national and world literatures, this study shows that a major expression of twentieth-century Arabic literature produced itself as a set of print culture practices, literary themes, and interpretive norms in response to evolving ideas of Arab experience and emancipation.
The four fundamental forms of sociality structure our relationships. By comparing hundreds of cultures across more than 5000 years, this book builds on Relational Models Theory to reveal how each of the four basic types of relationship are conceived in its own distinctive cognitive medium. The text demonstrates how people use their food and bodies to foster affiliation, spatial dimensions to form hierarchy, concrete operations of one-to-one matching to create equality, and employ arbitrary, conventional symbols for proportion-based relationships. Originating from the author's ethnographic fieldwork in a West African village, this innovative social theory integrates findings from social, cognitive, and developmental psychology, linguistics and semiotics, anthropology, archeology, art history, religious studies, and ancient texts. The chapters offer compelling insights into readers' everyday social relations by showing what humans think their social relationships actually are.
This tutorial guide introduces online nonstochastic control, an emerging paradigm in control of dynamical systems and differentiable reinforcement learning that applies techniques from online convex optimization and convex relaxations to obtain new methods with provable guarantees for classical settings in optimal and robust control. In optimal control, robust control, and other control methodologies that assume stochastic noise, the goal is to perform comparably to an offline optimal strategy. In online control, both cost functions and perturbations from the assumed dynamical model are chosen by an adversary. Thus, the optimal policy is not defined a priori and the goal is to attain low regret against the best policy in hindsight from a benchmark class of policies. The resulting methods are based on iterative mathematical optimization algorithms and are accompanied by finite-time regret and computational complexity guarantees. This book is ideal for graduate students and researchers interested in bridging classical control theory and modern machine learning.
The narrative art of Herodotus' Histories has always been greatly admired, but it has never received an in-depth and systematic analysis. This commentary lays bare the role of the narrator and his effective handling of time, focalization, and speech in all the famous and much-loved episodes, from Croesus, via the Ionian Revolt, to the climax of Xerxes' expedition against Greece. In paying close attention to the various ways in which Herodotus structures his story, it offers crucial help to get a grip on the at first sight bewildering structure of this long text. The detailed analysis of Herodotus' narration shows how his masterful adoption and expansion of the epic toolbox endowed the new genre of historiography with the same authority as its illustrious predecessor. The commentary is suitable for all readers of Herodotus' Greek text: students, teachers, and scholars.
Antoine Arnauld (1612–1694) was a wide-ranging and influential thinker and one of the most important philosophical and theological figures of his time. He engaged in theological controversies, took part in philosophical correspondences, sparred with Popes and Kings, was expelled from the Sorbonne, and penned texts that would have great influence on subsequent generations of thinkers. In this book on Arnauld, the first book-length systematic study of his philosophical thought to appear in English, Eric Stencil draws on texts from throughout Arnauld's corpus to present an analysis of his philosophical thought, with chapters on method and epistemology, ontology, substance dualism, the mind-body union, ideas and perception, human freedom, modality, knowledge of God, God's nature, and the creation doctrine. His book illuminates the richness and originality of Arnauld's philosophical project and its key contributions to enlightenment-era thought.
For over a hundred years scholars have written about late medieval kingship, and a vast body of published work now exists on the subject. However, in all this rich coverage, no accessible introduction to the subject exists. The Cambridge Companion to Late Medieval Kingship addresses this need by bringing together, within a single volume, a series of themed chapters which consider key aspects of the workings of the English monarchy between 1200 and 1500. Featuring leading experts in the field, each chapter provides a concise and accessible guide, offering insights, synthesis and explanation to help readers understand not only how kings ruled, but also what made their rule more – or less – effective. By adopting a holistic approach to kingship, the contributors also consider how kingship impacted on the king's subjects, thereby illuminating the complex interplay of cooperation and conflict that shaped both the monarchy and the wider polity in late medieval England.
Answering the question of 'How have you become the person you are today?' encourages people to build their narrative identity, referring to their ever-changing, internalized life story. Life stories are grounded in autobiographical memory and provide the basis for the experience of personhood; that is, the experience of being an individual with a past, present, and future in a certain culture at a certain time. Traditionally, researchers have approached the study of life story psychology either by focusing on autobiographical memories or through narratives of individual memories, life story chapters, or entire life narratives. This book is the first to bring these isolated approaches together to reveal new perspectives on how people construct their identities and understand their lives across time and cultural contexts. Featuring chapters by leading experts, it offers a thorough introduction to both approaches that enriches our understanding of life story psychology.
Empirical Legal Studies has arrived in EU law. The past decade has seen the publication of pathbreaking quantitative and qualitative studies, the creation of relevant thematic networks, and the realisation of large-scale empirical research projects. This volume explores the new movement. It features contributions penned by legal and political science scholars working or interested in the field. It is part handbook, for which scholars – experts and novices alike – can reach to get an overview of the state of the art. It is part manifesto, showcasing the need for and potential of this fast-growing area of academic inquiry. Finally, it is a critical reflection, assessing the challenges and limitations of Empirical Legal Studies in the EU context, as well as its interaction with adjacent disciplinary and interdisciplinary endeavours. The book captures the significant contribution which empirical legal research has made to the study of EU law, while facilitating an exchange about the way forward.