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The main part of this chapter is given over to a consideration of the four major bacterial diseases of bone: osteomyelitis, tuberculosis, syphilis and leprosy. A brief account is also given of some viral and parasitic diseases
Caries, ante-mortem tooth loss, dental calculus and periapical lesions form the bulk of this chapter. There are also short accounts of dental anomalies and dental tumours.
Fractures and dislocations form the bulk of this chapter, which also includes sections on accidental and intentional wounding, legalised trauma, amputation and the autopsy.
The art of diagnosis is considered in this chapter in both its historical and modern contexts. It is suggested that palaeopathologists should use operational definitions to make diagnoses in human remains.
Normal and abnormal growth is the subject matter of this chapter, which deals with dwarfism, gigantism, disorders of skull growth and various conditions in which a part of the whole of a limb may not develop.
Several of the theories of health and disease are critically considered. It is suggested that health is a subjective value-laden phenomenon, whereas disease is objective and value-free.
The basic concepts of palaeopathology are discussed, including the stability of the reaction of the skeleton to pathological insults and the expression of disease.
This describes the development of palaeopathology from the eighteenth century onwards and includes accounts of some of the earliest palaeopathologists.
Here reference is made to benign and malignant primary tumours of bone and to the more important secondary malignant tumours that form the bulk of those seen in the skeleton.
The principal ways in which the frequency of disease can be calculated are given here, with emphasis on those appropriate for use in palaeoepidemiology. Ways of ensuring comparability between studies of disease frequency in archaeological assemblages are also considered.
The more common forms of spinal disease are brought together in this chapter, including diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis, kyphosis and scoliosis.
The prevailing image of a Viking is frequently that of a fierce male, associated with military expansion and a distinctive material culture, and the Vikings have maintained a resonance in the popular imagination to the present day. This book presents a fresh overview of the Vikings from both conceptual and material perspectives. In an engaging survey, Sæbjørg Walaker Nordeide and Kevin J. Edwards analyse Viking religion, economic life, and material culture in and beyond the Scandic homelands.