This chapter gives a brief overview of different endocrine hormones relevant to the practice of anesthesiology. This chapter also discusses metabolism and biochemistry relevant to the practice of anesthesiology.

Although section 2(b) of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms specifies the fundamental freedoms of ‘thought, belief, opinion and expression, including freedom of the press and other media of communication’, only freedom of expression has been developed by the courts. These forgotten freedoms include freedom of thought. This chapter demonstrates how Canada’s own constitutional text and history supports a new recognition of freedom of thought that would overcome a recent history of forgetting this constitutional freedom. Canada’s own constitutional case law, read creatively, contains the seeds of a framework for freedom of thought, with upcoming potential to put arguments before the courts in cases where significant litigation efforts will be made. This chapter sets how the Canadian Charter protects specific elements of the right which are mental privacy, mental liberty and mental autonomy. The contemporary debate within the present international discussion generates an intellectual atmosphere and comparative case law that can support a remembering of the forgotten freedom of thought.

Liberty of thought is the first liberty that the Preamble to the Constitution of India aims to secure. Yet, one finds no mention of ‘thought’ as one of the protected freedoms under Part III of the Constitution, which safeguards fundamental rights. This chapter takes the first steps to address this riddle and locating the normative foundations for the right. It argues that while the Preambular ideal itself is insufficient to confer a substantive right, its role in judicial interpretation, along with the interrelationship between fundamental rights, provides a robust normative foundation for the right to freedom of thought in India. Specifically, the chapter discusses the development of the right to mental privacy in the context of brain-reading in Selvi, and later in Puttaswamy. The right to (mental) privacy read into dignity by the Supreme Court of India already takes steps towards constructing a forum internum, and on the other hand, the challenge of the vulnerability of the legal subject becomes evident in the context of the right to freedom of conscience. Regarding the absolute nature of the right, this chapter argues that only as a Preambular ideal is the liberty of thought absolute within the Indian legal framework.

Chapter 4 presents intersectionality theory to explain the cumulative and interactive gender-based and child-based discrimination encountered by the girl child. It explores interactive intersectional discrimination, whereby each infringement on the rights of the girl child leads to a series of violations that occur throughout her childhood. Chapter 4 conducts a case study of the practice of son preference and daughter devaluation in the private sphere leading to girl child neglect, which in turn weakens her access to education and economic empowerment. It also discusses the negative impact of sexualized social and dress codes, notably the over-sexualization of girls in mainstream and social media, including Instagram and TikTok, leading to digitized dysmorphia, eating disorders, violence against girl children, sex trafficking and child pornography. The chapter concludes that the international legal framework cannot protect the girl child unless the interactive intersectional discrimination she experiences is acknowledged.

The first year or two of rural practice has been financially fraught for lawyers in the Rural Attorney Recruitment Program, but earnings have steadily increased for most lawyers. This chapter considers the financial position of the lawyers, looking at hourly rates, salary, benefits, government pay, and pay structure. It also considers the importance of the stipend and how lawyers used the stipend, concluding that the stipend was crucial for most lawyers.

In August 2018, ʿAbdi Moḥamoud ʿUmar, president of Ethiopia’s Somali Regional State, was ousted and arrested by federal security forces. ʿAbdi had led an unprecedented decade-long push to securitize the Ethiopia-Somaliland border, to “Ethiopianize” Somalis, and to entice Somali migrants living abroad to return to Ethiopia and collaborate with the regional government. Yet a significant number of those who collaborated with and benefited from the regime also celebrated its downfall. This concluding chapter describes these more recent events as an entry-point to reflecting on the broader implications of the book’s argument that city-making and border-making are deeply intertwined in today’s world. It addresses three specific possible counterarguments, which serve to highlight the themes of the book and link them to broader debates in economic anthropology, border studies, migration studies, and urban studies.

Before the 1950s, there was no ideologically coherent conservative movement in the United States to speak of, and no single party up to that point had a monopoly on conservatism as either a political expression or an ideological framework. The roots of American conservatism, however, stretch back to Edmund Burke’s critique of the French Revolution, John Adams’s contributions to the Federalist Party, and John C. Calhoun’s defense of southern regionalism, among other sources. During the nineteenth century, conservatism functioned in two registers: as an argument against precipitous social change and as an attitude in favor of the social and institutional hierarchies handed down through history. The tension between conservativism’s attitude in favor of hierarchy and its argument against change animates Nathaniel Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter (1850), Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1852), and Frank J. Webb’s The Garies and Their Friends (1857). These three novels test arguments for social change – women’s rights, abolition, and interracial marriage, respectively – against attitudes in support of hierarchy, ultimately bringing conservatism into a reckoning with its own fundamental assumptions about history and authority.

This chapter of BASIC Essentials covers information regarding local anesthetics that are essential to know for the American Board of Anesthesiology’s (ABA) BASIC exam. The content covers all of the information that is included in the ABA’s content outline. Highlighted information includes mechanism of action of local anesthetics, pharmacological properties of local anesthetics, comparison of amide and ester local anesthetics, and side effects of local anesthetics.

Space between the aortic valve cusps and ascending aorta is referred to as aorta sinuses. The right and left aortic sinuses contain coronary ostia from which the right and left coronary arteries arise, respectively.

While the concept of reasonable adjustments is well-established in academia, and it is enshrined in university policy that we must support the provision of these adjustments for our students, autistic employees may not always feel empowered to ask for necessary adjustments to thrive in an academic workplace. In this chapter participants reflect on the process of requesting and receiving adjustments, including those that have been denied and those that they wish they could ask for.