“Trendsetter” first ladies show new ways of modeling femininity in a given era, often through attention to the visual. Because women in public long have been expected to be seen and not heard, fashion and image historically have provided a way of communicating nonverbally. Thus, first ladies who were considered trendsetters typically circulated new “looks” or images to a given public, drawing from the culture in which they operated to influence norms around femininity, beauty, and celebrity. This chapter assesses seven first ladies for their visual influence. Dolley Madison (1809-1817), Julia Tyler (1844-1845), and Frances Cleveland (1886-89, 1893-97) were the most notable of the nineteenth-century first ladies who found themselves positioned as style icons. Following in their footsteps were Mamie Eisenhower (1952-1960), Jacqueline Kennedy (1960-1963), Nancy Reagan (1980-1988), and Michelle Obama (2008-2016), who each leveraged the trendsetter role during their time in the White House.

Despite being unelected and unappointed, first ladies of the United States have served as notable political assets and liabilities before, during, and after their time in the White House. This chapter uses a variety of examples to illustrate the positive and negative impacts of first ladies as they have exerted their influence domestically and internationally, sometimes in alignment with and other times in opposition to their husband’s public agenda. These pages delineate the ways these women have been strategically deployed as emissaries for their husbands and as advocates for party policies, initiatives, and candidates up and down the ballot, as well as how they have instigated and mitigated scandals. The amorphous and often contradictory criteria for being an effective first lady expose every presidential spouse to criticism that is not always reasonable given the nebulous nature of the position.

"Ataxia" refers to both the neurologic syndrome of motor coordination and to a large and diverse group of diseases that have motor coordination impairment as their main clinical feature. The brain structure most consistently affected is the cerebellum. Although many different brain diseases may manifest with ataxia, the vast majority of slowly progressive ataxias are genetic diseases. Indeed, genetic molecular analysis has become the cornerstone of both diagnosis and classification of this complex group of conditions. In this overview, the basics of the clinical features and the classification of these diseases, as well as common conditions, and recently defined novel forms of ataxia are discussed.

This chapter reviews the use of enriched diagrams and enriched Mackey functors in equivariant homotopy theory and the theory of stable model categories. The results outlined here are not used directly in the main body of the work, but they provide an important motivating context. The goal of this chapter is, therefore, to outline some of the main ideas and provide numerous references to the literature for further treatment.

The chief interest of the antiquarian in Rome’s ruins was topographical, identifying them if possible with structures known and described in Latin literature. Attempts to picture the layout of the ancient city generated numerous maps and disquisitions, which gradually morphed into guidebooks for tourists, many of which focussed on only the ancient remains to the exclusion of the modern city. The development of tourism is one of the capital outcomes of the fascination with the ruins of Rome. There does not seem to have been any other city or site in the world that was visited for the sake of its ruins. Topographical studies were, however, hampered by their reliance on more (or in one case, less) ancient texts in which buildings and their locations were mentioned, not always reliably. It became clear in due course that the only way forward lay in archaeological excavation.

Magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound (MRgHiFUS) can be used to create lesions in the depth of the brain without opening the skull, which opens up new treatment options. For patients who are not eligible for deep brain stimulation (DBS) for various reasons (for example, too much atrophy, vessels in the area of the trajectory, or advanced age) this can be a useful addition to the therapeutic armamentarium. To date, more than 3,500 patients have been treated with this method, with a focus on patients with essential tremor (ET) and tremor-dominant Parkinson’s disease (PD).

In 235 years, only about two dozen women have experienced the role of “mourner in chief” as current or former first ladies grieving a presidential husband. This chapter examines the performances of six of these women in different historical contexts and under very different circumstances: Martha Washington, Mary Lincoln, Lucretia Garfield, Eleanor Roosevelt, Jacqueline Kennedy, and Nancy Reagan. This analysis considers first ladies’ performances of mourning during presidents’ illness or assassination; funerals and memorial services; and the expanse of time for which they survived their husbands. Through these case studies, the authors consider how a first lady’s mourning can shape her husband’s legacy, and what it can teach us about how Americans grieve.

Soon after the adoption of the new constitution and its own establishment, the German Constitutional Court ruled that the Basic Law had a “radiating effect” on all of German law and life, including private law. The Court reached this decision in the Lüth case amid much debate and a range of alternative understandings. Many legal actors worried that such a move toward horizontal application would blur the line between public and private law to the detriment of the civil law system. Following Lüth, jurists at all levels eventually assumed the Constitutional Court’s rationale that one could not speak of private law divorced from constitutional law. Still, certain elements of the German legal-political culture emphasized autonomy in private spaces. Likewise, constitutional actors largely considered cases relating to equality and antidiscrimination as a limit to horizontal application. As cases relating to such matters have arisen, the Constitutional Court and other constitutional actors have reexamined the reach of horizontal application. Republican discourses only extended so far in early understandings, but new forces, particularly in initiatives of the European Union, have led the Court and Bundestag to reassess how far into private spaces these rights commitments reach.

This chapter provides the main results of Part 3. These make use of the preceding material on enrichment over (closed) multicategories, and apply it to categories of enriched diagrams and enriched Mackey functors. A key detail, both here and in the homotopical applications of Part 4, is that nonsymmetric multifunctors provide a diagram change of enrichment, but not necessarily a change of enrichment for enriched Mackey functors (presheaves). The essential reason is that symmetry of a multifunctor is required for commuting the opposite construction in the domain of enriched presheaves with change of enrichment. Sections 10.5 and 10.6 give applications to Elmendorf–Mandell K-theory, with attention to the relevant symmetry conditions among other details.

Chapter 1 focuses on the revolution of 1688 in Britian, in which the ideal of liberty as independence was promised to the people as the cornerstone of a new constitution to replace James II’s allegedly despotic use of arbitrary power. After examining the Bill of Rights, in which the fundamental rights of the people are laid out, the chapter turns to consider the provenance of the underlying ideal of liberty as independence and its contrast with arbitrary power. One major source is shown to have been the discussion of civil liberty by the historians and moralists of ancient Rome, especially Cicero, Sallust, Livy and Tacitus. The influence of these sources on the development of early modern republicanism in England is traced, especially in the works of Milton and Harrington. The other major source was the discussion of the law of persons in the Digest of Roman law, in which a fundamental distinction was drawn between free persons and dependants, including slaves. The influence of this legal tradition, especially as filtered by Bracton into English common law, is traced in the strand of constitutional thinking that runs from Fortescue and Thomas Smith to Coke, Selden and their followers.

This chapter provides an overview of the basic features of the macroscopic and microscopic anatomy, physiology and potential functioning of the human cerebellum. Apart from its certain role in movement control by coordinating complex movements, additional hypotheses on the role of the cerebellum in adapting, conditioning and learning, or automating, movements are described. Views that portray the cerebellum as a timing device or as a structure that serves to optimize the quality of sensory input are also mentioned. As the cerebellum not only participates in movement control, understanding and appreciating its functioning may also explain its role in cognition, emotion, and autonomic functions. Finally, cerebellar disorders and clinical manifestations of cerebellar dysfunction in movement control are discussed.