Such was the aesthetic appeal of a Roman ruin that English grand tourists began to decorate their parkland back home, now landscaped in a sort of ‘faux-naturalism’, with sham ruins. The eighteenth-century fashion for the English garden swept over continental Europe, and many gardens, surprisingly even in Rome itself, have sham Roman ruins after the English fashion. The fashion for sham ‘Roman’ ruins continued into the twentieth century and was extended to the United States and Japan.

Chapter 2. The removal of James II from the throne in 1688 and the settlement of the crown jointly on William and Mary gave rise to an extensive debate about the legitimacy of the new regime. Many wrote to celebrate the ending of arbitrary rule. Some commentators (notably James Tyrrell) focused on the final securing of the fundamental rights of the people in the manner promised by the ancient constitution of England. But others (notably John Locke) preferred to appeal to the natural rights of the people as the only sound basis for guaranteeing freedom under government. At the same time, however, many rejected the settlement of 1688. The Jacobites objected that William and Mary were merely usurpers, while in the course of the 1690s a group of ‘commonwealth’ writers began to argue that the crown and executive were failing to keep their promise to outlaw the use of arbitrary power. The chapter concludes by discussing the contributions of Molesworth, Trenchard and Toland to the development of ‘commonwealth’ claims about the policies that will need to be followed if the freedom of the people from subjection and dependence is to be secured.

This chapter applies the general theory from Chapter 11 to change of enrichment along the inverse equivalences of homotopy theories developed in Part 2. The main results, Theorems 12.1.6, 12.4.6, and 12.6.6, establish equivalences of homotopy theories for enriched diagram categories and Mackey functor categories over pointed multicategories, permutative categories, and M1-modules.

Secondary dystonia comprises a group of diverse dystonia syndromes, including hereditary diseases with a clinical phenotype exceeding dystonia as well as acquired dystonia. The first step in the classification of dystonic symptoms should be according to its clinical characteristics – age at onset, body distribution, temporal pattern and associated features. Limb dystonia in adulthood, as well as craniocervical dystonia presentation in childhood and young adolescence, point away from primary dystonia causes. Associated clinical features such as oculomotor disturbances, parkinsonism, cognitive and neuropsychiatric symptoms, and systemic involvement can be instructive for identifying the underlying dystonia syndrome. The diagnostic workup in patients with secondary dystonia depends on the suspected dystonia syndrome and can include laboratory tests in serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, genetic testing, etc. It is important to identify potential treatable causes, e.g., dopa-responsive dystonia, Wilson’s disease, Niemann–Pick Type C, infectious and autoimmune diseases, etc. Symptomatic treatments are also available.

This chapter extends the general multicategorical enrichment theory from Chapter 6 to enrichment over closed multicategories. Because enrichment over permutative categories is both illustrative of the general theory and essential for the further applications, this chapter focuses on that case in detail.

Neurodegenerative disorders are complex multisystem disorders mainly characterized by aggregations of misfolded proteins (such as misfolded amyloid-beta protein in Alzheimer’s disease) in select regions in the central, peripheral, and autonomic nervous systems. In this chapter the various proteinopathic neurodegenerative movement disorders will be dealt with: synucleinopathies, tauopathies, frontotemporal lobar degenerations with TAU, TAR DNA binding protein-43 (TDP), and/or fused in sarcoma (FUS) proteinopathies, polyglutamine CAG-repeat disorders, and misfolded prion proteins. Abnormal protein deposits can be visualized post mortem with immunohistochemical methods that define the diseases, allow the staging schemes, and establish correlations between neuropathologic and clinical phenotypes. As neurodegenerative disorders often display comorbidity, immunohistochemistry with antibody panels has to be performed to enable assessment of the specific protein aggregations in various regions.

When remembering America’s first ladies, there is a general assumption that these women were the wives of the presidents. This is not surprising since, with the exception of James Buchanan, all the presidents have been married men. However, several presidents were widowers or husbands of women who could not assume their duties. These men had to rely on women who were neither their wives nor their companions as stand-in first ladies with the primary duty of entertaining visitors to the White House. They included daughters Martha “Patsy” Jefferson Randolph, Martha Johnson Patterson, and Margaret Woodrow Wilson; nieces Emily Tennessee Donelson and Harriet Lane Johnston; daughters-in-law Angelica Singleton Van Buren and Priscilla Cooper Tyler; and sisters Mary Arthur McElroy and Rose Cleveland. They were real persons who each brought a unique experience to their work, which, unlike the service of their more famous married counterparts, has long been forgotten.