Historically, the first axial turbine utilizing a compressible fluid was a steam turbine. Gas turbines were later developed for engineering applications where compactness is as important as performance. However, the successful use of this turbine type had to wait for advances in the area of compressor performance. The viability of gas turbines was demonstrated upon developing special alloys that possess high strength capabilities at exceedingly high turbine inlet temperatures.

Figure 4.1 shows a general-type mixed-flow compressor rotor. The thermophysical states 1 and 2 represent average conditions over the entire inlet and exit stations, respectively. The rotor-blade-to-blade hub-to-casing passage is the control volume, and other than the continuity and energy equations (Chapter 3), we are now left with the momentum-conservation principle to implement.

This chapter discusses how the government uses policy instruments to stabilize the economy. We first study automatic fiscal stabilizers. Then we discuss discretionary fiscal policy. Next, we introduce the monetary policy framework. We cover both conventional monetary policy and unconventional monetary policy after the 2008 global financial crisis. Finally, we discuss macroprudential policies that may lend robustness to the financial system and the whole economy.

Over more than three decades now, radial-inflow turbines have been established as a viable alternative to its axial-flow counterpart, specifically in power-system applications. Despite its relatively primitive means of fabrication, radial turbines are capable of extracting a large per-stage shaft work in small mass-flow rate situations. This turbine category also offers little sensitivity to tip clearances, in contrast to axial-flow turbines. Nevertheless, the turbine large envelope, bulkiness, and heavy weight (Figure 10.1) virtually prohibits its use in propulsion devices.

So writes the neurologist and gifted observer of human behavior, Oliver Sacks, in discussing the remarkable case of Temple Grandin, possibly the world’s highest functioning person with autism. At the time of this writing, Grandin is an accomplished professor of animal science at Colorado State University, designer of facilities for managing cattle, and author of numerous books about her experience with autism. She has been the subject of a feature-length film (Temple Grandin, released in 2010 and starring Claire Danes), was selected as one of Time magazine’s 100 most influential people in the world in 2010, and was elected to the National Academy of Arts and Sciences in the United States in 2017.

Born in 1947 and diagnosed with autism at the age of 3, Grandin experienced a childhood quite different from most children. In addition to delayed language development, a tendency toward “sensory overload,” and an experience of the world that was highly visual, she also experienced significant social deficits.

In Chapters 3 and 4, we studied major changes in the flow thermophysical properties as it traverses a turbine or compressor stage. The analysis, then, was one-dimensional, with the underlying assumption that average flow properties will prevail midway between the endwalls. Categorized as a pitch-line flow model, this “bulk-flow” analysis proceeds along the “master” streamline (or pitch line), with no attention given to any lateral flow property gradients.

This chapter considers what is perhaps the single most important metaphysical notion of Buddhism – paticca-samuppada.

This chapter rehearses the religious and philosophical background against which the Buddha’s ideas on kamma, samsara, and rebirth were formulated. It also argues that the Buddha’s ideas should be understood within the broader context of his meditative practices and his most basic insight that who we are and what we think exists is a function of our mind, its cognitive or intellectual powers, and the actions that we will or intend.

This chapter presents the ideas, concepts, and terminology of "The basic teachings of the Buddha" as they are found in the earliest sources of the Pali texts and the Theravada tradition.