The seemingly bizarre behavior displayed by the gentleman in this story can be attributed to a syndrome known as hemineglect or, in its less severe forms, hemi-inattention. Despite having intact sensory and motor functioning, people with hemineglect do not pay attention to one side of space. Hemineglect is considered to be mainly a spatial phenomenon, because the neglect of information occurs with reference to a spatial frame (i.e., information contralateral to the lesion is ignored) and because all types of information, regardless of modality, on the neglected side of space are ignored. Given what you learned in Chapter 7 about the important role that the parietal lobe plays in spatial processes, it should not surprise you that hemineglect often involves damage to the right parietal lobe.

At this point, you are probably wondering what strange disorder this woman has. As you think about this story, a number of possibilities may come to mind. Could she be blind? This seems unlikely. She recognized the pizza (by its distinctive round shape and red color) and incorrectly grabbed an item that looked similar to the apple pie, a package of tortillas, rather than something quite different in shape and size, like a milk carton. Another possibility is that she has a memory problem, such that she can’t remember the features or locations of objects. But this possibility seems unlikely, too. She remembered the locations of the stove and the sink. Furthermore, her memory for objects must be intact because she recognized the apple pie as soon as she smelled it and the kettle as soon as she felt it.

Consider the simplest nonafterburning, single-spool turbojet engine, which is schematically shown in Figure 12.1. Assuming a viable (i.e., stable compressor) operation mode, there are obvious constrains relating the gas-generator components to one another. These generally enforce the uniformity of shaft speed, as well as ensure the mass and energy conservation principles (Figure 12.2).

Utilization of axial-flow compressor stages (Figure 9.1) in gas turbine engines is a relatively recent development. The history of this compressor type began after an era when centrifugal compressors were dominant (Figure 9.2). It was later confirmed, on an experimental basis, that axial-flow compressors can run much more efficiently. Earlier attempts to build multistage axial-flow compressors entailed running multistage axial-flow turbines in the reverse direction. As presented in Chapter 4, a compressor-stage reaction, in this case, will be negative, a situation that has its own performance degradation effect. Today, carefully designed axial-flow compressor stages can very well have efficiencies in excess of 80%. A good part of this advancement is owing to the standardization of thoughtfully devised compressor-cascade blading rules.

The case history in the opening vignette describes the maternal grandmother of one of the authors (M.T.B.). Although the disease was never formally diagnosed, she surely had Alzheimer’s or some similar dementia. In many ways, her case was typical, characterized by loss of memory, difficulties in spatial processing, disorientation, and changes in personality, especially paranoia. The course was unremittingly downward, although she died from heat stroke before becoming totally bedridden.

In this chapter, we discuss disorders, such as Alzheimer’s disease, that are distinct from the neuropsychological syndromes covered elsewhere in this book. In our discussions so far, we have emphasized the breakdown of specific cognitive functions, such as visual recognition, and precisely described the circumscribed nature of the deficits.

Language is the mental faculty that many people consider most distinctly separates us from other species. Language has also long been studied by scientists. Symptoms like those experienced by Bill Rieger and Jim Hurdle first led Paul Broca in the late 1800s to realize that the hemispheres have different functions, an event that heralded the advent of modern-day neuropsychology and cognitive neuroscience. Broca noticed that a lesion to a specific region of the left hemisphere causes a loss of fluent speech even though the person’s speech comprehension is relatively spared. This syndrome, known as Broca’s aphasia, has provided a window to understanding the neurological organization for language.

Aphasia is the loss of a language processing ability after brain damage. In this chapter, we discuss a variety of aphasias, gleaning lessons about the neurological organization for language.

Macroeconomic data is important both for macroeconomic research and for the functioning of the economy itself. In this chapter, we discuss the principles and practices of macroeconomic data construction. Emphasis is on measures of output or income (e.g., GDP), price and inflation (e.g., CPI), employment and labor participation (e.g., unemployment rate), and money supply.

This chapter studies short-term economic fluctuations or business cycles. We first introduce the Keynesian Cross model which, in contrast to classical models, allows the equilibrium output to deviate from the potential level of output. Next, we introduce the celebrated IS-LM model, which is the leading interpretation of the Keynesian theory. We also modified the IS-LM model to study interest rate policy, the small open economy with floating exchange rate, the small open economy with a fixed exchange rate, and the large open economy. Next, we derive aggregate demand (AD) from the IS-LM model and introduce the Keynesian AD-AS model. Then we introduce dynamic modeling and study two dynamic AD-AS models. Finally, we discuss two verbal theories, Keynes’ theory of employment and investment and Minsky’s financial cycles.

This chapter studies economic growth. We first introduce two versions of the Solow model. The first is without technological progress. We show that there would be no sustained growth in per capita terms in a steady state. The second Solow model assumes exogenous technological progress, which makes sustained growth possible in a steady state. Next, we introduce an endogenous growth model that produces sustained growth without assuming exogenous technological progress. We then study how to account for the contribution of factor accumulation and technological progress to growth. Finally, we introduce two verbal theories. The first is Schumpeter’s creative destruction. The second is the Lewis model of economic development.

In this chapter, a turbomachinery-related nondimensional groupings of geometric dimensions and thermodynamic properties will be derived.

This chapter deals with long-run equilibrium analysis. We first introduce a classical AD-AS model to analyze how the total output is determined in equilibrium under classical assumptions. Next, to analyze frictional unemployment, we discuss a model of the natural rate of unemployment. Then we introduce a representative-firm model to analyze real factor prices and income distribution. Then we introduce a classical model of real interest rate and discuss how the model may be employed to explain economic phenomena and conduct virtual experiments. Next, we introduce the quantity theory of money. We provide a case study of China’s hyperinflation in the 1940s. Finally, we introduce open-economy models to analyze the long-run equilibrium of exchange rates.

In this book, we explore how the neurological organization of the brain influences the way people think, feel, and act. Critical to our understanding of the link between brain and mind is cognitive neuroscience, which comprises investigations of mental functions linked to neural processes, ranging from investigations in animals to humans and from experiments performed in the laboratory to computer simulations. Much earlier work in this area comes from human neuropsychology, which examines changes in behavior as a result of brain trauma.