It is becoming increasingly clear that emotion regulation (ER) plays a crucial role in parenting. In this chapter, we consider the role of parental ER in parental stress and parental burnout. In the first section, we define ER and its various facets in the parenting domain. In the second section, we focus on the protective role of parent’s self-focused (intrinsic) ER vis-à-vis parenting stress and burnout. Specifically, we show how parents’ efficient regulation of their own emotions mitigates parenting stress levels and reduces the risk for parental burnout. In the third section, we focus on the protective role of parent’s child-focused (extrinsic) ER vis-à-vis parenting stress and burnout. Specifically, we show how parents’ efficient regulation of their child(ren)’s emotions reduces their own parenting stress. Because perfect is often the enemy of good in the parenting domain, the fourth section presents recent evidence showing that too much ER may backfire and lead to increased parenting stress and burnout in the long run. Finally, we conclude with the most pressing research directions emerging from the evidence reviewed in this chapter.

Emotional development can be described as the emergence of a child’s self-regulation out of coregulation by their caregivers, especially parents. This chapter highlights this transition, focusing on two interwoven facets of emotional development: the regulation of actions by emotions and the regulation of emotions by volitionally applied actions, called reflective emotion regulation. The significance of parental coregulation strategies is considered, specifically how they contribute to the differentiation of emotion qualities throughout ontogenesis as well as to a conceptual awareness of a child’s own elicited feelings and the inferred feelings of others, which is required for reflective emotion regulation. The chapter addresses core parental strategies such as context selection and modification, affect mirroring, modeling, reflective functioning and talking about emotions as well as levels of coregulation, and also presents a brief overview of the field. The chapter closes with a look at noteworthy issues for further research.

Over the last 30 years, child and family scholars and practitioners have increasingly recognized the foundational role of parental emotions in guiding parenting behaviors. This chapter delineates the ways in which parents’ emotional processes (including emotion regulation) are inextricably intertwined with even the quickest and most automatic parenting behaviors. We review the extant literature on parental emotion regulation, including studies of parents’ general emotion dysregulation, use of emotion regulation strategies, and emotion-related physiological processes during parent–child interaction. Throughout this review, we make note of leaps forward as well as remaining gaps in the science. Finally, we propose three major areas for the next phase of research linking parent emotion regulation and parenting behavior: (1) reframing our thinking away from general negative affect or dysregulation models and toward a consideration of specific emotions; (2) increasing attention to regulation of positively valenced emotions like joy, contentment, pride, and awe; and (3) embracing multimethod approaches that incorporate ecologically valid methodology.

This chapter examines the impact of anticlericalism and secularism on German politics. It charts the significance of secularism in the relations between radicals, revisionists and liberals in the period between the church-leaving campaign 1906-14 and the end of the German revolution in 1923. It examines how factions of the SPD clashed over the church-leaving movement of 1909 to 1914. Special attention will be given to the cooperation of secularist revisionists around Eduard Bernstein with left liberals and anti-political leaders of cultural reform efforts, such as Eugen Diederichs.

This chapter shows the significant role played by religious politics in the German Revolution of 1918. It examines first how the secularist subculture within German socialism contributed to the formation of wartime opposition that led to the 1917 split of the Social Democratic Party (SPD). It then follows the actions of secularists during the revolution itself, beginning with the attempts of one of Germany’s most prominent secularists, Adolph Hoffmann, to force through a radical program of secularization upon assuming a key position in the revolutionary government of 1918. It traces the politics of secularism in the writing of the Weimar Constitution before taking up the relationship of secularism to the “pure” council movement, which emerged in the years from 1919 to 1922 as an alternative both to parliamentary democracy and to Bolshevik party rule.

Emotions and emotion regulation constitute essential constituents of parenting. This chapter assesses central features of parenting through the lens of emotions and emotion regulation. Substantive topics include relations between emotions and emotion regulation in parenting, principles of parenting and emotion regulation, parenting direct and indirect effects in emotion regulation, determinants of emotion regulation in parents (and children), and supports for parent and child emotion regulation.

Across development, parents play a critical role in assisting children in regulating emotions via extrinsic emotion regulation (ER). Cross-species evidence suggests that parental influences on corticolimbic circuitry – thought to underlie ER – peak in childhood and wane during the transition to adolescence as children increasingly rely on intrinsic regulation strategies. Gottman’s parental meta-emotion philosophy laid important groundwork for recent advances in assessment of parental assistance with children’s use of specific ER strategies, a line of work that has the potential to further understanding of how parents socialize children’s reliance on certain ER strategies. Initial evidence suggests that the strategies parents assist with may vary as a function of child age and parent-level factors such as psychopathology and reliance on specific intrinsic ER strategies. We discuss future directions in the study of parental assistance with children’s ER focused on further understanding normative developmental trajectories of parents’ assistance with specific ER strategies and neurobiological correlates of specific profiles of parental assistance.

This chapter examines interventions that focus on parent emotion regulation (ER). Emotions, their function, the different pathways via which emotions are generated, and the role of ER are all briefly introduced to provide the context for the way interventions efforts are considered in the chapter. Interventions that focus on ER in adults drawn from different theoretical perspectives are examined in order to review key common effective components. This is followed by a review of approaches to parent ER used in parenting interventions. We then outline how our own Tuning in to Kids suite of parenting programs targets parent ER. This includes a focus on building parent emotion awareness; promoting insight into parent’s meta-emotion beliefs (how they feel about emotions) and the impact of family of origin experiences on how parents react to emotions; teaching parents proactive, top-down, and bottom-up ER strategies; and how a focus on learning emotion coaching with their children has the added bonus of often enhancing parent ER.

This chapter provides an overview of emotion regulation, with a particular emphasis on topics relevant to parenting. We begin with a discussion of emotion generation and emotion regulation. Next, we present one of the most commonly used frameworks for studying emotion regulation – the process model of emotion regulation – with particular attention to how it can be applied to emotion regulation that takes place in interpersonal and familial contexts. We then provide a more in-depth overview of interpersonal emotion regulation. Finally, we briefly review key findings on emotion regulation from the developmental literature through the lens of the process model and discuss key directions for future research.

Histories of monism have generally ended with the First World War and placed it within the context of the technocratic fantasies of liberal supporters of antipolitical Kultur in late Wilhelmine Germany. This article argues instead that monism achieved its widest practical dispersal during the Weimar Republic in the socialist milieu. It follows the path of liberal intellectuals from opposition to war and monarchy into the socialist movements, where they took leading positions in local government, union educational institutions, and the expanding universe of socialist cultural associations. There they sought to revise Marxism to bring it in line with their theories of biological and sociological evolution. The article follows key four areas of the socialist workers’ culture movement and examines how monism shaped the theories and practices of sex reform, free body culture, festival culture and educational innovation. It thereby demonstrates for the first time the central role of secularist dissent and monist worldview in some of the iconic utopian projects of interwar socialism.

This chapter examines the specific challenges faced by individuals with a history of childhood maltreatment (CM) as they transition into parenthood. The transition to parenthood involves many challenges that require adjustment, such as adapting to one’s own bodily changes (for the birthing parent), forging a parental identity, and attaching to the infant. Although these tasks may not be easy for any parent-to-be, those who have experienced maltreatment during their childhood may find them especially difficult. One crucial domain in which these early life experiences might influence their core parenting skills is the ability to emotionally regulate themselves as well as model positive emotional regulatory processes for their children. The author presents various perspectives to explain how these early life experiences of abuse and neglect affect parental emotion self-regulation and current parenting approaches. This chapter adds valuable tools to the parental toolbox of those with a history of CM and guides such parents on how their regulatory skills can be improved to better equip themselves to cope with potential parenting challenges and raise well-adjusted children.

The Epilogue examines the failure of red secularism to reassert itself after 1945 due to the political climate in East and West Germany. It examines the further decline of Freethought as a consequence of lessening of confessional tensions in German society and the secularization and de-churching of German society in the 1960s.

The transition to parenthood is a time of psychological and neurobiological reorganization thought to prepare parents for caregiving, including the unique demands of emotion regulation during infancy and early child development. This chapter reviews evidence that highlights changes in maternal brain structure, including data collected from preconception and across the postpartum period. Next, functional neuroimaging studies are described that have highlighted the importance of measuring reactivity to salient infant cues of emotion, specifically, infant facial expression and cries, to our understanding of the parental brain and emotion regulation. Finally, the emerging literature examining the neurobiology of parental emotion regulation is presented. Following this empirical review, limitations and future directions of the field are considered.

The final chapter examines the impact that the intense struggle over secularism had on German politics in the years 1930 to 1933. This chapter examines the many camps involved in this struggle. In particular it aims to demonstrate that antisecularism became a key binding agent for formations on the right that were promoting authoritarian solutions to the deepening political crisis. It looks at the role of church leaders in elaborating the slogan of “cultural Bolshevism” and promoting church militancy and calling for a “Christian front” to battle godlessness. It will make an original contribution to the significant recent scholarship on the collaboration of the Christian churches and National Socialism but bringing to the table not the religious, but rather a confessional basis of collusion. The affirmation of “positive Christianity” in the 1920 program of the NSDAP reflected the party’s commitment to an ecumenical struggle against secularism and Judaism. Hitler repeatedly placed his party’s position on religion in a quasi-confessional context.